Fixed: removed discussion on k-nearest neighbor exclusion models which do
not cover the lattice perfectly.
Fixed: extra assumption: particle configurations are determined by their
defects.
Fixed: miscellaneous minor tweaks, formatting and typos.
Added: discussion about Lee-Yang zeros and their relation to the
high-fugacity expansion.
Added: open problem: soft exclusion potentials.
Added: extended bibliography.
Changed: Particles in figures are now always centered on the lattice, not
the dual lattice.
Changed: improved Makefile.
Crystalline ordering and large fugacity expansion\par
Crystalline ordering and large fugacity expansion\par
\vskip10pt
\vskip10pt
\hfil for hardcore lattice particles
\hfil for hard-core lattice particles
}
}
\vskip80pt
\vskip80pt
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Crystalline ordering and large fugacity expansion\par
\hfil{\bf Abstract}\par
\hfil{\bf Abstract}\par
\medskip
\medskip
Using an extension of Pirogov-Sinai theory we prove phase transitions, corresponding to sublattice orderings, for a general class of hard core lattice particle systems with a finite number of close packed configurations. These include many cases for which such transitions have been proven. The proof also shows that, for these systems, the Gaunt-Fisher expansion of the pressure in powers of the inverse fugacity (aside from an explicit logarithmic term) has a nonzero radius of convergence.
Using an extension of Pirogov-Sinai theory we prove phase transitions, corresponding to sublattice orderings, for a general class of hard-core lattice particle systems with a finite number of perfect coverings. These include many cases for which such transitions have been proven. The proof also shows that, for these systems, the Gaunt-Fisher expansion of the pressure in powers of the inverse fugacity (aside from an explicit logarithmic term) has a nonzero radius of convergence.
\vskip20pt
\vskip20pt
@ -46,18 +46,18 @@ Using an extension of Pirogov-Sinai theory we prove phase transitions, correspon
\pagestyle{plain}
\pagestyle{plain}
\section{Introduction}
\section{Introduction}
\indent The study of order-disorder phase transitions for hardcore lattice particle (HCLP) systems has a long history (see, to name but a few, \cite{Do58,Ka63,GF65,Ba80,Mc10,RD12,DG13} and references therein). These are purely entropy driven transitions, similar to those observed numerically for hard spheres in the continuum~\-\cite{WJ57,AW57}. Whereas a proof of the transition in the hard sphere model is still lacking, there are several HCLP systems in which phase transitions have been proved.
\indent The study of order-disorder phase transitions for hard-core lattice particle (HCLP) systems has a long history (see, to name but a few, \cite{Do58,Ka63,GF65,Ba80,Mc10,RD12,DG13} and references therein). These are purely entropy driven transitions, similar to those observed numerically and experimentally for hard spheres in the continuum~\-\cite{WJ57,AW57,PM86,IK15}. Whereas a proof of the transition in the hard sphere model is still lacking, there are several HCLP systems in which phase transitions have been proved.
\indent One example is the hard diamond model on the square lattice (see figure~\-\ref{fig:shapes}{\it a}), which is a particle model on $\mathbb Z^2$ with nearest-neighbor exclusion. The existence of a transition from a low-density disordered state, in which the density of occupied sites is the same on the even and odd sublattices, to a high-density ordered state, in which one of the sublattices is preferentially occupied, was proved by Dobrushin~\-\cite{Do68}, using a Peierls-type construction. This transition had been predicted earlier, using various approximations. In particular, Gaunt and Fisher~\-\cite{GF65} did an extensive study of this model using Pad\'e approximants, obtained from a low- and a high-fugacity expansion for the pressure $p(z)$, to determine the location of a singularity on the positive $z$ axis. They estimated that there is a transition at fugacity $z_t=3.8$ and density $\rho_t=0.37$, which is in good agreement with computer simulations.
\indent One example is the hard diamond model on the square lattice (see figure~\-\ref{fig:shapes}{\it a}), which is a particle model on $\mathbb Z^2$ with nearest-neighbor exclusion. The existence of a transition from a low-density disordered state, in which the density of occupied sites is the same on the even and odd sublattices, to a high-density ordered state, in which one of the sublattices is preferentially occupied, was proved by Dobrushin~\-\cite{Do68}, using a Peierls-type construction. This transition had been predicted earlier, using various approximations. In particular, Gaunt and Fisher~\-\cite{GF65} did an extensive study of this model using Pad\'e approximants, obtained from a low- and a high-fugacity expansion for the pressure $p(z)$, to determine the location of a singularity on the positive $z$ axis. They estimated that there is a transition at fugacity $z_t=3.8$ and density $\rho_t=0.37$, which is in good agreement with computer simulations.
\indent Another example is that of hard hexagons on a triangular lattice. Baxter~\-\cite{Ba80,Ba82} obtained, following earlier numerical and approximate work, an exact solution of this system, and found a transition at $z_t=\frac12(5\sqrt5+11)\approx11.09$ and $\rho_t=\frac1{10}(5-\sqrt5)\approx0.28$. There was further work, particularly by Joyce~\-\cite{Jo88}, which elaborated on this solution. Baxter's solution provides a full, albeit implicit, expression for the pressure $p(z)$ in the complex $z$ and $\rho$ planes, implying, in particular, that $p(z)$ is analytic for all $z\geqslant0$ except at $z_t$. The transition at $z_t$ is of second order, as is expected to be the case for diamonds. For $z>z_t$, this system has 3 ordered phases, corresponding to the 3 different perfect coverings.
\indent Another example is that of hard hexagons on a triangular lattice. Baxter~\-\cite{Ba80,Ba82} obtained, following earlier numerical and approximate work, an exact solution of this system, and found a transition at $z_t=\frac12(5\sqrt5+11)\approx11.09$ and $\rho_t=\frac1{10}(5-\sqrt5)\approx0.28$. There was further work, particularly by Joyce~\-\cite{Jo88}, which elaborated on this solution. Baxter's solution provides a full, albeit implicit, expression for the pressure $p(z)$ in the complex $z$ and $\rho$ planes, implying, in particular, that $p(z)$ is analytic for all $z\geqslant0$ except at $z_t$. The transition at $z_t$ is of second order, as is expected to be the case for diamonds. For $z>z_t$, this system has 3 ordered phases, corresponding to the 3 different perfect coverings.
\indent Yet another HCLP model for which an order-disorder transition was shown to occur, with only a sketch of a proof~\-\cite{HP74}, is that of hard crosses on the square lattice (see figure~\-\ref{fig:shapes}{\it b}). This model has 10 distinct perfect coverings (see figure~\-\ref{fig:cross_packing}), and is conjectured~\-\cite{EB05} to have a first order phase transition at $z_t\approx39.5$, which jumps from a density$\rho_f\approx0.16$ to $\rho_s\approx0.19$. We shall use this model as an illustration for the type of system to which our analysis applies, and for which we can prove crystalline order at high fugacities, and the convergence of the high-fugacity expansion.
\indent Yet another HCLP model for which an order-disorder transition was shown to occur, with only a sketch of a proof~\-\cite{HP74}, is that of hard crosses on the square lattice (see figure~\-\ref{fig:shapes}{\it b}). This model has 10 distinct perfect coverings (see figure~\-\ref{fig:cross_packing}), and is conjectured~\-\cite{EB05} to have a first order phase transition at $z_t\approx39.5$. At this fugacity the density jumps from$\rho_f\approx0.16$ to $\rho_s\approx0.19$. We shall use this model as an illustration for the type of system to which our analysis applies, and for which we can prove crystalline order at high fugacities, and the convergence of the high-fugacity expansion.
{\it a}. A diamond on the square lattice. This system is equivalent to the nearest-neighbor exclusion model.\par
{\it a}. A diamond on the square lattice. This system is equivalent to the nearest-neighbor exclusion model.\par
@ -74,15 +74,15 @@ Using an extension of Pirogov-Sinai theory we prove phase transitions, correspon
\label{fig:cross_packing}
\label{fig:cross_packing}
\end{figure}
\end{figure}
\indentIn this paper, we study the high-fugacity expansion, in powers of $y\equiv z^{-1}$, of such systems. This expansion was first considered by Gaunt and Fisher~\-\cite{GF65} specifically for the diamond model, but has been used later for other HCLP systems~\-\cite{Jo88,EB05}. As far as we know, there has been no study of the convergence of this series, though Baxter's explicit solution~\-\cite{Ba80} for the hard hexagon model shows it is so for that solvable model. This is in contrast to the low-fugacity expansion of the pressure $p(z)$ in powers of $z$, which dates back to Ursell~\-\cite{Ur27} and Mayer~\-\cite{Ma37}. It was proven to have a positive radius of convergence, in all dimensions, by Groeneveld~\-\cite{Gr62} for positive pair-potentials and by Ruelle~\-\cite{Ru63} and Penrose~\-\cite{Pe63} for general pair-potentials.
\indentThe expansion in powers of $y\equiv z^{-1}$ was first considered by Gaunt and Fisher~\-\cite{GF65} specifically for the diamond model, but has been used later for other HCLP systems~\-\cite{Jo88,EB05}. As far as we know, there has been no study of the convergence of this series, though Baxter's explicit solution~\-\cite{Ba80} for the hard hexagon model shows it is so for that solvable model. This is in contrast to the low-fugacity expansion of the pressure $p(z)$ in powers of $z$, which dates back to Ursell~\-\cite{Ur27} and Mayer~\-\cite{Ma37}. This expansion was proven to have a positive radius of convergence, in all dimensions, by Groeneveld~\-\cite{Gr62} for positive pair-potentials and by Ruelle~\-\cite{Ru63} and Penrose~\-\cite{Pe63} for general pair-potentials.
\bigskip
\bigskip
\indent In this note, we sketch a proof that the radius of convergence of the high-fugacity expansion is positive for a large class of HCLP systems in $d\geqslant2$ dimensions. The details of the proof will be published in a later paper. The proof is based on an extension of Pirogov-Sinai theory~\-\cite{PS75,KP84}, and implies the existence of phase transitions in these models. Unlike the low-fugacity expansion, the positivity of the radius of convergence does not hold for general HCLP systems: there are, indeed, many examples, in 1 and higher dimensions, in which the coefficients in this expansion diverge in the thermodynamic limit.
\indent In this note, we sketch a proof that the radius of convergence of the high-fugacity expansion is positive for a certain class of HCLP systems in $d\geqslant2$ dimensions. For details of the proof, see~\-\cite{JL17}. The proof is based on an extension of Pirogov-Sinai theory~\-\cite{PS75,KP84}, and implies the existence of phase transitions in these models. Unlike the low-fugacity expansion, the positivity of the radius of convergence does not hold for general HCLP systems: there are, indeed, many examples, in 1 and higher dimensions, in which the coefficients in this expansion diverge in the thermodynamic limit.
\vskip20pt
\vskip20pt
\subsection{Description of the model}\label{sec:model}
\subsection{Description of the model}\label{sec:model}
\indent It is convenient, for our analysis, to think of these HCLPs as having a finite shape $\omega$ in physical space $\mathbb R^d$, and impose the constraint that, when put on lattice sites $x$ and $y$, the shapes do not overlap (for example, for the nearest-neighbor exclusion on the square lattice, $\omega$ could be a diamond, see figure~\-\ref{fig:shapes}{\it a}). Equivalently, one can think of each particle as occupying a finite collection of lattice sites. Note that the choice of these shapes, or of the lattice points assigned to each particle, is not unique: two different shapes can translate to the same hard core interactions.
\indent It is convenient, for our analysis, to think of these HCLPs as having a finite shape $\omega$ in physical space $\mathbb R^d$, and impose the constraint that, when put on lattice sites $x$ and $y$, the shapes do not overlap (for example, for the nearest-neighbor exclusion on the square lattice, $\omega$ could be a diamond, see figure~\-\ref{fig:shapes}{\it a}). Equivalently, one can think of each particle as occupying a finite collection of lattice sites. Note that the choice of these shapes, or of the lattice points assigned to each particle, is not unique: two different shapes can translate to the same hard-coreinteraction. For instance, the nearest neighbor exclusion on the square lattice can be obtained by taking diamonds or disks of radius $r$ with $\frac12<r<\frac1{\sqrt2}$.
\bigskip
\bigskip
\indent Given a $d$-dimensional lattice $\Lambda_\infty$ and a finite subset $\Lambda\subset\Lambda_\infty$, we define the grand-canonical partition function of the system at activity $z>0$ on $\Lambda$, with some specified boundary conditions, as
\indent Given a $d$-dimensional lattice $\Lambda_\infty$ and a finite subset $\Lambda\subset\Lambda_\infty$, we define the grand-canonical partition function of the system at activity $z>0$ on $\Lambda$, with some specified boundary conditions, as
@ -90,28 +90,23 @@ Using an extension of Pirogov-Sinai theory we prove phase transitions, correspon
in which $X$ is a particle configuration in $\Lambda$, $|X|$ is the cardinality of $X$, and, denoting $\omega_x\equiv\{x+y,\ y\in\omega\}$, $\varphi(x,x')\in\{0,1\}$ enforces the hardcore repulsion: it is equal to 1 if and only if $\omega_{x}\cap\omega_{x'}=\emptyset$. Note that, due to the hard-core interaction, the number of particles is bounded:
in which $X$ is a particle configuration in $\Lambda$, $|X|$ is the number of particles, and, setting $\omega_x\equiv\{x+y,\ y\in\omega\}$, $\varphi(x,x')\in\{0,1\}$ enforces the hard-core repulsion: it is equal to 1 if and only if $\omega_{x}\cap\omega_{x'}=\emptyset$. Note that, due to the hard-core interaction, the number of particles is bounded:
\begin{equation}
\begin{equation}
|X|\leqslant N_{\mathrm{max}}.
|X|\leqslant N_{\mathrm{max}}\leqslant|\Lambda|
\end{equation}
\end{equation}
Our aim, in this note, is to prove that, in certain cases, the finite-volume {\it pressure} of the system, defined as
where $|\Lambda|$ denotes the number of lattice sites in $\Lambda$. Our aim, in this note, is to prove that, in certain cases, the finite-volume {\it pressure} of the system, defined as
\begin{equation}
\begin{equation}
p_\Lambda(z):=\frac1{|\Lambda|}\log\Xi_\Lambda(z)
p_\Lambda(z):=\frac1{|\Lambda|}\log\Xi_\Lambda(z)
\label{p}
\label{p}
\end{equation}
\end{equation}
where $|\Lambda|$ denotes the number of lattice sites in $\Lambda$, satisfies
in which $\rho_m$ is the maximum density in $\Lambda$, that is, $\rho_m=\lim_{\Lambda\to\Lambda_\infty}N_{\mathrm{max}}/|\Lambda|$, and $f$ is an analytic function of $y\equiv z^{-1}$ for small values of $y$. The expansion of $f$ in powers of $y$ is called the {\it high-fugacity expansion} of the system. Note that, as is well known, $p(z)\equiv\lim_{\Lambda\to\Lambda_\infty}p_\Lambda(z)$ is independent of the boundary conditions for all $z\geqslant0$ (see, for instance, \cite{Ru99}).
in which $\rho_m$ is the maximum density in $\Lambda$, that is, $\rho_m=\lim_{\Lambda\to\Lambda_\infty}N_{\mathrm{max}}/|\Lambda|$, and $f$ is an analytic function of $y\equiv z^{-1}$ for small values of $y$. The expansion of $f$ in powers of $y$ is called the {\it high-fugacity expansion} of the system. Note that, as is well known, $p(z)\equiv\lim_{\Lambda\to\Lambda_\infty}p_\Lambda(z)$ is independent of the boundary conditions for all $z\geqslant0$ (see, for instance, \cite{Ru99}). This is not so for the correlation functions, which may depend on the boundary conditions, and can also be shown to be analytic in $y$ with the same radius of convergence as the high-fugacity expansion.
\indent It is rather straightforward to express the pressure $p_\Lambda$ as a power series in $z$ (which converges for small values of $z$, thus earning the name ``low-fugacity expansion''). Indeed, defining the {\it canonical} partition function
\indent It is rather straightforward to express the pressure $p_\Lambda$ as a power series in $z$ (which converges for small values of $z$, thus earning the name ``low-fugacity expansion''). Indeed, defining the {\it canonical} partition function by $Z_\Lambda(k)$ as the number of particle configurations with $k$ particles, (\ref{Xi}) can be rewritten as
@ -159,24 +154,32 @@ The first nine terms of this expansion were computed in~\-\cite[table~\-XIII]{GF
Therefore, $p-\frac12\log z$ (note that $\rho_m=\frac12$) is not an analytic function of $y\equiv z^{-1}$ at $y=0$ (though it is an analytic function of $\sqrt y$). For the $n$-nearest-neighbor exclusion in one dimension, $p-\rho_m\log z$ is analytic in $y^{\frac1n}$. Similar effects occur in higher dimensions as well, for instance in systems exhibiting columnar order at high fugacities~\-\cite{GD07}.
Therefore, $p-\frac12\log z$ (note that $\rho_m=\frac12$) is not an analytic function of $y\equiv z^{-1}$ at $y=0$ (though it is an analytic function of $\sqrt y$). For the $n$-nearest-neighbor exclusion in one dimension, $p-\rho_m\log z$ is analytic in $y^{\frac1n}$. Similar effects occur in higher dimensions as well, for instance in systems exhibiting columnar order at high fugacities~\-\cite{GD07}.
\bigskip
\bigskip
\indent Note that, for systems whose pressure admits a convergent high-fugacity expansion, the partition function may not have any roots for large values of $|z|$, which implies that the Lee-Yang~\-\cite{YL52,LY52} zeros of such systems are confined within an annulus: denoting the radius of convergence of the low- and high-fugacity expansions by $R$ and $\tilde R$, every Lee-Yang zero $\xi$ satisfies
\begin{equation}
R\leqslant|\xi|\leqslant\tilde R^{-1}
.
\end{equation}
Furthermore, it can easily be seen (by Krammers-Wannier duality) that systems with bounded repulsive pair-potentials all have a convergent high-fugacity expansion, so their Lee-Yag zeros lie within an annulus.
\bigskip
\indent Here, we prove that, for a class of HCLP systems which we call ``non-sliding models'' (which include the three models discussed above, that is, the hard diamond, cross and hexagon models), the function
\indent Here, we prove that, for a class of HCLP systems which we call ``non-sliding models'' (which include the three models discussed above, that is, the hard diamond, cross and hexagon models), the function
\begin{equation}
\begin{equation}
f_\Lambda(y):=p_\Lambda-\rho_m\log z+o(1)
f_\Lambda(y):=p_\Lambda-\rho_m\log z+o(1)
\label{f}
\label{f}
\end{equation}
\end{equation}
is analytic at $y=0$ uniformly in $|\Lambda|$, in which $o(1)\to0$ as $\Lambda\to\Lambda_\infty$. That is,
is analytic in a disk around$y=0$ uniformly in $|\Lambda|$, in which $o(1)\to0$ as $\Lambda\to\Lambda_\infty$. That is,
\begin{equation}
\begin{equation}
f_\Lambda(y)=\sum_{k=1}^\infty y^kc_k(\Lambda)
f_\Lambda(y)=\sum_{k=1}^\infty y^kc_k(\Lambda)
,\quad
,\quad
|c_k(\Lambda)|<R^k
|c_k(\Lambda)|<\tildeR^k
,\quad
,\quad
\lim_{\Lambda\to\Lambda_\infty}c_k(\Lambda)=c_k
\lim_{\Lambda\to\Lambda_\infty}c_k(\Lambda)=c_k
\label{goal}
\label{goal}
\end{equation}
\end{equation}
for some $R>0$, independent of $|\Lambda|$. We thus prove the validity of the Gaunt-Fisher expansion for non-sliding models. Our method of proof further shows that, for such systems, the high-fugacity phases exhibit crystalline order.
for some $\tildeR>0$, independent of $|\Lambda|$. We thus prove the validity of the Gaunt-Fisher expansion for non-sliding models. Our method of proof further shows that, for such systems, the high-fugacity phases exhibit crystalline order.
\bigskip
\bigskip
\indent A precise definition of the notion of non-sliding will be given below. An example of a {\it sliding} model is the hard $2\times2$ square model on the square lattice: given a perfect covering, whole columns or rows of particles can slide without forming vacancies (see figure~\-\ref{fig:sliding}). On the other hand, hard diamonds do {\it not slide}: the close-packed configurations are rigid. These two models are in the class of $n$-nearest-neighbor exclusion models on $\mathbb Z^2$. In~\-\cite[table~\-II]{NR14} one may find a list of $n$-nearest-neighbor models, up to $n=14$, which specifies which of these models slide (called, in that table, ``Columnar'') and which do not (labeled as ``Sublattice'').
\indent A precise definition of the notion of non-sliding will be given below. An example of a {\it sliding} model is the hard $2\times2$ square model on the square lattice: given a perfect covering, whole columns or rows of particles can slide without forming vacancies (see figure~\-\ref{fig:sliding}). On the other hand, hard diamonds do {\it not slide}: the close-packed configurations are rigid. The same is true of hard crosses and hard hexagons, as well as the nearest neighbor exclusion on $\mathbb Z^d$ for any $d\geqslant2$.
\begin{figure}
\begin{figure}
\hfil\includegraphics[width=4cm]{sliding.pdf}
\hfil\includegraphics[width=4cm]{sliding.pdf}
@ -186,10 +189,10 @@ for some $R>0$, independent of $|\Lambda|$. We thus prove the validity of the Ga
\section{Sketch of the proof}
\section{Sketch of the proof}
\indent In this note, we will only give a detailed sketch of the proof. The full details will be published in a later paper.
\indent In this note, we will only give a detailed sketch of the proof. The full details can be found in~\-\cite{JL17}.
\bigskip
\bigskip
\indent Ultimately, the reasoning behind~\-(\ref{goal}) is similar to that underpinning the convergence of the Mayer expansion~\-(\ref{p_z}), so let us first discuss the Mayer expansion, and, in particular, focus on the uniform boundedness of $b_k(\Lambda)$ defined in~\-(\ref{blog}). For the sake of simplicity, we will consider periodic boundary conditions, and take $|\Lambda|$ sufficiently larger than $k$. First of all, note that $Z_\Lambda(k)$defined in~\-(\ref{Zk}) is a polynomial in $|\Lambda|$ of order $k$ with no constant term, thus,
\indent Ultimately, the reasoning behind~\-(\ref{goal}) is similar to that underpinning the convergence of the Mayer expansion~\-(\ref{p_z}), so let us first discuss the Mayer expansion, and, in particular, focus on the uniform boundedness of $b_k(\Lambda)$ defined in~\-(\ref{blog}). For the sake of simplicity, we will consider periodic boundary conditions, and take $|\Lambda|$ sufficiently larger than $k$. First of all, note that $Z_\Lambda(k)$ is a polynomial in $|\Lambda|$ of order $k$ with no constant term, thus,
@ -200,7 +203,7 @@ is a polynomial in $|\Lambda|$ of order $k-1$. Therefore, in order for $b_k(\Lam
In the 1-particle case, the particle can occupy any site in $\Lambda$, so $Z_\Lambda(1)=|\Lambda|$. In the 2-particle case, the particles must not overlap. We can therefore write $Z_\Lambda(2)$ as the number of unconstrained configurations (excluding the cases in which particles coincide) minus the number of configurations in which the particles overlap. The former is equal to $\frac12|\Lambda|(|\Lambda|-1)$, and the latter is proportional to $|\Lambda|$. The $|\Lambda|^2$ term thus cancels out. This reasoning can be extended to all $b_k(\Lambda)$.
In the 1-particle case, the particle can occupy any site in $\Lambda$, so $Z_\Lambda(1)=|\Lambda|$. In the 2-particle case, the particles must not overlap. We can therefore write $Z_\Lambda(2)$ as the number of unconstrained configurations (excluding the cases in which particles coincide) minus the number of configurations in which the particles overlap. The former is equal to $\frac12|\Lambda|(|\Lambda|-1)$, and the latter is proportional to $|\Lambda|$. The $|\Lambda|^2$ term thus cancels out. This reasoning can be extended to all $b_k(\Lambda)$.
\bigskip
\bigskip
\indent Following~\-\cite{GF65}, we construct the high-fugacity expansion in a similar way, but instead of counting particle configurations, we count hole configurations. To that end, we factor out $z^{\rho_m|\Lambda|}$ from the partition function, as in~\-(\ref{Xi_hole}), thus giving each hole a weight $z^{-\rho_m}$. The most significant difference with the Mayer expansion is that the interaction between holes is not simply a hard-core repulsion, since the sites that are not empty must be covered by particles which, in turn, must satisfy the hardcore constraint. In particular, the connected components of the empty space may come in various shapes and sizes, but they are constrained by the fact that the overall empty volume is an integer multiple of the volume of each particle (see figure~\-\ref{fig:hole_example}). This implies that different connected components of the empty volume could, in principle, interact strongly, even if they are arbitrarily far from each other (see figure~\-\ref{fig:hole_example}{\it b}). If that were the case, then the $|\Lambda|^2$ terms in $c_2(\Lambda)$ would not cancel out, and the high-fugacity expansion would be ill-defined in the thermodynamic limit. This phenomenon will be called {\it sliding}.
\indent Following~\-\cite{GF65}, we construct the high-fugacity expansion in a similar way, but instead of counting particle configurations, we count hole configurations. To that end, we factor out $z^{\rho_m|\Lambda|}$ from the partition function, as in~\-(\ref{Xi_hole}), thus giving each hole a weight $z^{-\rho_m}$. The most significant difference with the Mayer expansion is that the interaction between holes is not simply a hard-core repulsion, since the sites that are not empty must be covered by particles which, in turn, must satisfy the hard-core constraint. In particular, the connected components of the empty space may come in various shapes and sizes, but they are constrained by the fact that the overall empty volume is an integer multiple of the volume of each particle (see figure~\-\ref{fig:hole_example}). This implies that different connected components of the empty volume could, in principle, interact strongly, even if they are arbitrarily far from each other (see figure~\-\ref{fig:hole_example}{\it b}). If that were the case, then the $|\Lambda|^2$ terms in $c_2(\Lambda)$ would not cancel out, and the high-fugacity expansion would be ill-defined in the thermodynamic limit. This phenomenon will be called {\it sliding}.
\bigskip
\bigskip
\begin{figure}
\begin{figure}
@ -220,7 +223,7 @@ In the 1-particle case, the particle can occupy any site in $\Lambda$, so $Z_\La
\label{fig:hole_example}
\label{fig:hole_example}
\end{figure}
\end{figure}
\indent In this paper, we will only consider models in which there is {\it no sliding}, a notion which we will now define precisely. First of all, in order to qualify as a non-sliding model, the system must only admit a {\it finite} number of distinct perfect coverings. In addition, whenever different locally close-packed phases coexist, the interface between the phases must contain a number of holes proportional to its length (see figure~\-\ref{fig:interface}). This condition is analogous to the {\it Peierls condition} in the standard Pirogov-Sinai theory~\-\cite{PS75,KP84}. This rules out situations similar to figure~\-\ref{fig:hole_example}{\it b}, in which the interface between the central column and the other two may be arbitrarily long, while having only two holes. More precisely, a model is said to exhibit {\it no sliding} if, for every {\it connected} particle configuration $X\subset\Lambda$ that is {\it not} a subset of a perfect covering of $\Lambda$, and for every configuration $Y\supset X$, there exists at least one empty site {\it neighboring} a particle in $X$ (see figure~\-\ref{fig:interface}). Note that, having fixed $X$, there are many possible connected configurations $Y$ that contain $X$, and we require that {\it every one} of them contain some empty space. The notions of {\it connectedness} and {\it neighbors} are inherited from the lattice structure.
\indent In this paper, we will only consider models in which there is {\it no sliding}, a notion which we will now define precisely. First of all, in order to qualify as a non-sliding model, the system must only admit a {\it finite} number of distinct perfect coverings, and must be such that any particle configuration is entirely determined by the location of the holes and the particles adjacent to them. In addition, whenever different locally close-packed phases coexist, the interface between the phases must contain a number of holes proportional to its length (see figure~\-\ref{fig:interface}). This condition is analogous to the {\it Peierls condition} in the standard Pirogov-Sinai theory~\-\cite{PS75,KP84}. This rules out situations similar to figure~\-\ref{fig:hole_example}{\it b}, in which the interface between the central column and the other two may be arbitrarily long, while having only two holes. More precisely, a model is said to exhibit {\it no sliding} if, for every {\it connected} particle configuration $X\subset\Lambda$ that is {\it not} a subset of a perfect covering of $\Lambda$, and for every configuration $Y\supset X$, there exists at least one empty site {\it neighboring} a particle in $X$ (see figure~\-\ref{fig:interface}). Note that, having fixed $X$, there are many possible connected configurations $Y$ that contain $X$, and we require that {\it every one} of them contain some empty space. The notions of {\it connectedness} and {\it neighbors} are inherited from the lattice structure, and a particle configuration $X$ is said to be connected if the set of lattice sites that are covered by particles is connected.
\bigskip
\bigskip
\begin{figure}
\begin{figure}
@ -268,7 +271,10 @@ In the 1-particle case, the particle can occupy any site in $\Lambda$, so $Z_\La
Since the pressure is independent of the boundary condition, it is the same in all phases, which implies that the average density is as well. In order to distinguish between phases, one could consider the local density $\rho(x)$ at $x$, which does depend on the phase. Thus, for the diamonds on the square lattice, at large fugacities, the local density at sites on the even sublattice would be different from that on the odd sublattice: in the even phase, the former would be close to $1$, whereas the latter would be close to $0$. In general, when there are $n$ close-packed phases, there are $n$ sublattices, and, in each phase, the local density at one of the sublattices is close to $1$, while the others are close to $0$. The local density $\rho(x)$ can be expanded in powers of $y$, using similar methods to those described in this paper. Similarly, one can expand higher-order correlation functions, and find that, when the series converges, the truncated correlation functions in a specified phase decay exponentially.
Since the pressure is independent of the boundary condition, it is the same in all phases, which implies that the average density is as well. In order to distinguish between phases, one could consider the local density $\rho(x)$ at $x$, which does depend on the phase. Thus, for the diamonds on the square lattice, at large fugacities, the local density at sites on the even sublattice would be different from that on the odd sublattice: in the even phase, the former would be close to $1$, whereas the latter would be close to $0$. In general, when there are $n$ close-packed phases, there are $n$ sublattices, and, in each phase, the local density at one of the sublattices is close to $1$, while the others are close to $0$. The local density $\rho(x)$ can be expanded in powers of $y$, using similar methods to those described in this paper. Similarly, one can expand higher-order correlation functions, and find that, when the series converges, the truncated correlation functions in a specified phase decay exponentially.
\bigskip
\bigskip
\point Here, we have only considered HCLP systems that have a single shape. A natural extension would be to consider systems in which several types of particles of different shapes can coexist, provided there is a finite number of perfect coverings, and no sliding. In that case, different particles may have different fugacities, for instance, one might set $z_\alpha=\lambda_\alpha z$ and expand in $z^{-1}$. The qualitative behavior of the system might depend on the $\lambda_\alpha$. Further extensions could be to consider more general pair potentials, by, for instance, allowing for smooth interactions, or for more general hard core repulsions, such as the Widom-Rowlinson~\-\cite{WR70} interaction.
\point Here, we have only considered HCLP systems that have a single shape. A natural extension would be to consider systems in which several types of particles of different shapes can coexist, provided there is a finite number of perfect coverings, and no sliding. In that case, different particles may have different fugacities, for instance, one might set $z_\alpha=\lambda_\alpha z$ and expand in $z^{-1}$. The qualitative behavior of the system might depend on the $\lambda_\alpha$. Further extensions could be to consider more general pair potentials, by, for instance, allowing for smooth interactions, or for more general hard-core repulsions, such as the Widom-Rowlinson~\-\cite{WR70} interaction.
\bigskip
\point If, instead of overlap between the particles being forbidden, it were merely discouraged by replacing the hard-core potential by a strongly repulsive potential $J$, then one would expect, using a technique similar to that sketched in this paper, to prove that the pressure is analytic in an intermediate regime $z_0<|z|\ll e^J$. This was shown for the soft diamond model in~\-\cite{BK73}.
\bigskip
\bigskip
\point The methods described here allow, in some cases, to approach the continuum, but not to reach it. For instance, in the cross model, one can make the lattice finer (or, equivalently, the crosses can be made thicker). However, the radius of convergence vanishes in the continuum limit. New ideas are needed to treat such a case.
\point The methods described here allow, in some cases, to approach the continuum, but not to reach it. For instance, in the cross model, one can make the lattice finer (or, equivalently, the crosses can be made thicker). However, the radius of convergence vanishes in the continuum limit. New ideas are needed to treat such a case.
@ -276,85 +282,100 @@ Since the pressure is independent of the boundary condition, it is the same in a
\vfill
\vfill
\hfil{\bf Acknowledgements}\par
\hfil{\bf Acknowledgements}\par
\medskip
\medskip
\indent We are grateful to Giovanni Gallavotti and Roman Koteck\'y for enlightening discussions. The work of J.L.L. was supported by AFOSR grant FA9550-16-1-0037 and NSF grant DMR1104501. The work of I.J. was supported by The Giorgio and Elena Petronio Fellowship Fund and The Giorgio and Elena Petronio Fellowship Fund II.
\indent We are grateful to Giovanni Gallavotti and Roman Koteck\'y for enlightening discussions. The work of J.L.L. was supported by AFOSR grant FA9550-16-1-0037. The work of I.J. was supported by The Giorgio and Elena Petronio Fellowship Fund and The Giorgio and Elena Petronio Fellowship Fund II.
\eject
\eject
\begin{thebibliography}{WWW99}
\begin{thebibliography}{WWW99}
\small
\small
\bibitem[AW57]{AW57}B.J. Alder, T.E. Wainwright - {\it Phase Transition for a Hard Sphere System}, The Journal of Chemical Physics, volume~\-27, issue~\-5, page~\-1208-1209, 1957,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[AW57]{AW57}B.J. Alder, T.E. Wainwright - {\it Phase Transition for a Hard Sphere System}, The Journal of Chemical Physics, volume~\-27, issue~\-5, pages~\-1208-1209, 1957,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[Ba80]{Ba80}R.J. Baxter - {\it Hard hexagons: exact solution}, Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, volume~\-13, issue~\-3, page~\-L61-L70, 1980,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[Ba80]{Ba80}R.J. Baxter - {\it Hard hexagons: exact solution}, Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, volume~\-13, issue~\-3, pages L61-L70, 1980,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[DG13]{DG13}M. Disertori, A. Giuliani - {\it The nematic phase of a system of long hard rods}, Communications in Mathematical Physics, volume~\-323, page~\-143-175, 2013,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[BK73]{BK73}H.J. Brascamp, H. Kunz - {\it Analyticity properties of the Ising model in the antiferromagnetic phase}, Communications in Mathematical Physics, volume~\-32, issue~\-2, pages~\-93-106, 1973,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[DG13]{DG13}M. Disertori, A. Giuliani - {\it The nematic phase of a system of long hard rods}, Communications in Mathematical Physics, volume~\-323, pages~\-143-175, 2013,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[Do68]{Do68}R.L. Dobrushin - {\it The problem of uniqueness of a Gibbsian random field and the problem of phase transitions}, Functional Analysis and its Applications, volume~\-2, issue~\-4, page~\-302-312 (originally appeared, in russian, in Задача единственности Гиббсовского случайного поля и проблема фазовых переходов, функциональный анализ и его приложения, т.~\-2, вып.~\-4, 44-57), 1968,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[Do68]{Do68}R.L. Dobrushin - {\it The problem of uniqueness of a Gibbsian random field and the problem of phase transitions}, Functional Analysis and its Applications, volume~\-2, issue~\-4, pages~\-302-312 (originally appeared, in russian, in Задача единственности Гиббсовского случайного поля и проблема фазовых переходов, функциональный анализ и его приложения, т. 2, вып. 4, 44-57), 1968,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[Do58]{Do58}C. Domb - {\it Some theoretical aspects of melting}, Il Nuovo Cimento, volume~\-9, supplement~\-1, page~\-9-26, 1958,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[Do58]{Do58}C. Domb - {\it Some theoretical aspects of melting}, Il Nuovo Cimento, volume~\-9, supplement~\-1, pages~\-9-26, 1958,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[EB05]{EB05}E. Eisenberg, A. Baram - {\it A first-order phase transition and a super-cooled fluid in a two-dimensional lattice gas model}, Europhysics Letters, volume~\-71, issue~\-6, page~\-900-905, 2005,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[EB05]{EB05}E. Eisenberg, A. Baram - {\it A first-order phase transition and a super-cooled fluid in a two-dimensional lattice gas model}, Europhysics Letters, volume~\-71, issue~\-6, pages~\-900-905, 2005,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[GD07]{GD07}A. Ghosh, D. Dhar - {\it On the orientational ordering of long rods on a lattice}, Europhysics Letters, volume~\-78, page~\-20003, 2007,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[GD07]{GD07}A. Ghosh, D. Dhar - {\it On the orientational ordering of long rods on a lattice}, Europhysics Letters, volume~\-78, page~\-20003, 2007,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[HP74]{HP74}O.J. Heilmann, E. Pr\ae{}stgaard - {\it Phase transition in a lattice gas with third nearest neighbour exclusion on a square lattice}, Journal of Physics A, volume~\-7, issue~\-15, page~\-1913-1917, 1974,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[HP74]{HP74}O.J. Heilmann, E. Pr\ae{}stgaard - {\it Phase transition in a lattice gas with third nearest neighbour exclusion on a square lattice}, Journal of Physics A, volume~\-7, issue~\-15, pages~\-1913-1917, 1974,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[Jo88]{Jo88}G.S. Joyce - {\it On the Hard-Hexagon Model and the Theory of Modular Functions}, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume~\-325, issue~\-1588, page~\-643-702, 1988,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[IK15]{IK15}M. Isobe, W. Krauth - {\it Hard-sphere melting and crystallization with event-chain Monte Carlo}, The Journal of Chemical Physics, volume~\-143, number~\-084509, 2015,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[Jo88]{Jo88}G.S. Joyce - {\it On the Hard-Hexagon Model and the Theory of Modular Functions}, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, volume~\-325, issue~\-1588, pages~\-643-702, 1988,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[KP84]{KP84}R. Koteck\'y, D. Preiss - {\it An inductive approach to the Pirogov-Sinai theory}, Proceedings of the 11th Winter School on Abstract Analysis, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo, Serie~\-II, supplemento~\-3, page~\-161-164, 1984.\par\medskip
\bibitem[KP84]{KP84}R. Koteck\'y, D. Preiss - {\it An inductive approach to the Pirogov-Sinai theory}, Proceedings of the~\-11th Winter School on Abstract Analysis, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo, Serie II, supplemento~\-3, pages~\-161-164, 1984.\par\medskip
\bibitem[KP86]{KP86}R. Koteck\'y, D. Preiss - {\it Cluster expansion for abstract polymer models}, Communications in Mathematical Physics, volume~\-103, issue~\-3, page~\-491-498, 1986,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[KP86]{KP86}R. Koteck\'y, D. Preiss - {\it Cluster expansion for abstract polymer models}, Communications in Mathematical Physics, volume~\-103, issue~\-3, pages~\-491-498, 1986,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[Ma37]{Ma37}J.E. Mayer - {\it The Statistical Mechanics of Condensing Systems. I}, The Journal of Chemical Physics, volume~\-5, issue~\-67, page~\-67-73, 1937,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[LY52]{LY52}T.D. Lee, C.N. Yang - {\it Statistical Theory of Equations of State and Phase Transitions. II. Lattice Gas and Ising Model}, Physical Review, volume~87, issue~3, pages~410-419, 1952,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[Ma37]{Ma37}J.E. Mayer - {\it The Statistical Mechanics of Condensing Systems. I}, The Journal of Chemical Physics, volume~\-5, issue~\-67, pages~\-67-73, 1937,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[Mc10]{Mc10}B.M. McCoy - {\it Advanced Statistical Mechanics}, International Series of Monographs on Physics 146, Oxford University Press, 2010.\par\medskip
\bibitem[Mc10]{Mc10}B.M. McCoy - {\it Advanced Statistical Mechanics}, International Series of Monographs on Physics~\-146, Oxford University Press, 2010.\par\medskip
\bibitem[NR14]{NR14}T. Nath, R. Rajesh - {\it Multiple phase transitions in extended hard-core lattice gas models in two dimensions}, Physical Review E, volume~\-90, page~\-012120, 2014,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[Pe63]{Pe63}O. Penrose - {\it Convergence of Fugacity Expansions for Fluids and Lattice Gases}, Journal of Mathematical Physics, volume~\-4, issue~\-10, pages~\-1312-1320, 1963,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[PM86]{PM86}P.N. Pusey, W. van Megen - {\it Phase behaviour of concentrated suspensions of nearly hard colloidal spheres}, Nature, volume~\-320, number~\-6060, pages~\-340-342, 1986,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[RD12]{RD12}K. Ramola, D. Dhar - {\it High-activity perturbation expansion for the hard square lattice gas}, Physical Review E, volume~\-86, page~\-031135, 2012,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[RD12]{RD12}K. Ramola, D. Dhar - {\it High-activity perturbation expansion for the hard square lattice gas}, Physical Review E, volume~\-86, page~\-031135, 2012,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[Ru99]{Ru99}D. Ruelle - {\it Statistical mechanics: rigorous results}, Imperial College Press, World Scientific, (first edition: Benjamin, 1969), 1999.\par\medskip
\bibitem[Ru99]{Ru99}D. Ruelle - {\it Statistical mechanics: rigorous results}, Imperial College Press, World Scientific, (first edition: Benjamin, 1969), 1999.\par\medskip
\bibitem[Ur27]{Ur27}H.D. Ursell - {\it The evaluation of Gibbs' phase-integral for imperfect gases}, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, volume~\-23, issue~\-6, page~\-685-697, 1927,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[Ur27]{Ur27}H.D. Ursell - {\it The evaluation of Gibbs' phase-integral for imperfect gases}, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, volume~\-23, issue~\-6, pages~\-685-697, 1927,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[WR70]{WR70}B. Widom, J.S. Rowlinson - {\it New Model for the Study of Liquid–Vapor Phase Transitions}, The Journal of Chemical Physics, volume~\-52, page~\-1670-1684, 1970,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[WR70]{WR70}B. Widom, J.S. Rowlinson - {\it New Model for the Study of Liquid–Vapor Phase Transitions}, The Journal of Chemical Physics, volume~\-52, pages~\-1670-1684, 1970,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[WJ57]{WJ57}W.W. Wood, J.D. Jacobson - {\it Preliminary results from a recalculation of the Monte Carlo equation of state of hard spheres}, The Journal of Chemical Physics, volume~\-27, issue~\-5, page~\-1207-1208, 1957,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[WJ57]{WJ57}W.W. Wood, J.D. Jacobson - {\itPreliminary results from a recalculation of the Monte Carlo equation of state of hard spheres}, The Journal of Chemical Physics, volume~\-27, issue~\-5, pages~\-1207-1208, 1957,\par\penalty10000
\bibitem[YL52]{YL52}C.N. Yang, T.D. Lee - {\it Statistical Theory of Equations of State and Phase Transitions. I. Theory of Condensation}, Physical Review, volume~87, issue~3, pages~404-409, 1952,\par\penalty10000
Blocking a user prevents them from interacting with repositories, such as opening or commenting on pull requests or issues. Learn more about blocking a user.
Ian Jauslin