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Benfatto_Gallavotti_Jauslin_2015.tex
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\documentclass{kiss}
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% load packages
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\usepackage{header}
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% bibliography commands
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\usepackage{bibliography}
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% miscellaneous commands
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\usepackage{toolbox}
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% main style file
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\usepackage{iansecs}
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\definecolor{iblue}{RGB}{65,105,225}
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\definecolor{imauve}{RGB}{204,51,153}
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\begin{document}
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{\bf\LARGE\hfil Kondo effect\par\medskip
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\hfil in a fermionic hierarchical model}\par
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\vskip20pt
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\hfil{\bf Giuseppe Benfatto, Giovanni Gallavotti, Ian Jauslin}\par
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\vskip20pt
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\hfil 2015\par
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\vskip20pt
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\indent In this paper, a {\it fermionic hierarchical model} is defined, inspired by the {\it Kondo model}, which describes a 1-dimensional lattice gas of spin-1/2 electrons interacting with a spin-1/2 impurity. This model is proved to be {\it exactly solvable}, and is shown to exhibit a {\it Kondo effect}, i.e. that, if the interaction between the impurity and the electrons is antiferromagnetic, then the magnetic susceptibility of the impurity is finite in the 0-temperature limit, whereas it diverges if the interaction is ferromagnetic. Such an effect is therefore inherently non-perturbative. This difficulty is overcome by using the exact solvability of the model, which follows both from its fermionic and hierarchical nature.\par
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\vfill
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\tableofcontents
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\pagebreak
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\setcounter{page}{1}
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\pagestyle{plain}
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\section{Introduction}
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\label{sec1}
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\indent Although at high temperature the resistivity of most metals is an increasing function of the temperature, experiments carried out since the early XX\textsuperscript{th} century have shown that in metals containing trace amounts of magnetic impurities (i.e. copper polluted by iron), the resistivity has a minimum at a small but positive temperature, below which the resistivity decreases as the temperature increases. One interesting aspect of such a phenomenon, is its strong non-perturbative nature: it has been measured in samples of copper with iron impurities at a concentration as small as 0.0005\ [\cite{konZFi}], which raises the question of how such a minute perturbation can produce such an effect. Kondo introduced a toy model in 1964, see Eq.(\ref{e1.1}) below, to understand such a phenomenon, and computed electronic scattering amplitudes at third order in the Born approximation scheme [\cite{konSF}], and found that the effect may stem from an antiferromagnetic coupling between the impurities (called ``localized spins'' in [\cite{konSF}]) and the electrons in the metal. The existence of such a coupling had been proposed by Anderson [\cite{andSO}].
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\indent Kondo's theory attracted great attention and its scaling properties and connection to $1D$ Coulomb gases were understood [\cite{dysSN}, \cite{andSeZ}, \cite{ayhSeZ}] (the obstacle to a complete understanding of the model (with $\lambda_0<0$) being what would later be called the growth of a relevant coupling) when in a seminal paper, published in 1975 [\cite{wilSeFi}], Wilson addressed and solved the problem by constructing a sequence of Hamiltonians that adequately represent the system on ever increasing length scales. Using ideas from his formulation of the renormalization group, Wilson showed, by a combination of numerical and perturbative methods, that only few (three) terms in each Hamiltonian, need to be studied in order to account for the Kondo effect.
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\indent In the present paper, a hierarchical version of the Kondo model, which naturally lends itself to renormalization group methods, will be studied.
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\medskip
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\indent Consider a {\it 1-dimensional} Fermi gas of spin-1/2 ``electrons'', and a spin-1/2 fermionic ``impurity''. It is well known that:
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\begin{enumerate}[\ \ (1)\ \ ]
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\item the magnetic susceptibility of the impurity diverges as $\beta=\frac1{k_B T}\to\infty$ while
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\item both the total susceptibility per particle of the electron gas ({\it i.e.}\ the response to a field acting on the whole sample) [\cite{kitSeS}] and the susceptibility to a magnetic field acting on a single lattice site of the chain ({\it i.e.}\ the response to a field localized on a site, say at $0$) are finite at zero temperature (see remark (1) in App.\ref{appF} for a discussion of the second claim).
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\end{enumerate}
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\medskip
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\indent The question that will be addressed in this work is whether a small coupling of the impurity {fermion} with the electron gas can change this behavior, that is whether the susceptibility of the impurity interacting with the electrons diverges or not.
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\indent To that end we will study a model inspired by the Kondo Hamiltonian which, expressed in second quantized form, is
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\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
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H_0=&\sum_{\alpha\in\{\uparrow,\downarrow\}}\sum_{x=-{L}/2}^{{L}/2-1} c^+_\alpha(x)\,\left(-\frac{\Delta}2-1\right)\,c^-_\alpha(x)\\[0.75cm]
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H_K=&H_0+V_0+V_h:= H_0+V\\[0.25cm]
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V_0=&-\lambda_0\sum_{j=1,2,3}\sum_{\alpha_1,\alpha_2,\alpha_3,\alpha_4}c^+_{\alpha_1}(0)\sigma^j_{\alpha_1,\alpha_2}c^-_{\alpha_2}(0)\, d^+_{\alpha_3}\sigma^j_{\alpha_3,\alpha_4}d^-_{\alpha_4}\\[0.75cm]
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V_h=& -h \, \sum_{\alpha\in\uparrow,\downarrow}d^+_\alpha\sigma^3_{\alpha,\alpha} d_\alpha^-
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\label{e1.1}\end{array}\end{equation}
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where $\lambda_0,h$ are the interaction and magnetic field strengths and
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\begin{enumerate}[\ \ (1)\ \ ]
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\item$c_\alpha^\pm(x),d^\pm_\alpha, \,\alpha=\uparrow,\downarrow$ are creation and annihilation operators corresponding respectively to electrons and the impurity
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\item$\sigma^j,\,j=1,2,3$, are the Pauli matrices
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\item$x$ is on the unit lattice and $-{L}/2$, ${L}/2$ are identified (periodic boundary)
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\item$\Delta f(x)= f(x+1)-2f(x)+f(x-1)$ is the discrete Laplacian.
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\end{enumerate}
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\medskip
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\indent The model in Eq.(\ref{e1.1}) differs from the original Kondo model in which the interaction was $-\lambda_0\sum_{j=1}^3 c^+_{\alpha_1}(0)\sigma^j_{\alpha_1,\alpha_2}c^-_{\alpha_2}(0) \,\sigma^j$. The two models are closely related and equivalent for our purposes (see App.\ref{appA}). The technical advantage of the model Eq.(\ref{e1.1}), is that it allows us set up the problem via a functional integral to exploit fully the remark that ``since the Kondo problem of the magnetic impurity treats only a single-point impurity, the question reduces to a sum over paths in only one (``time'') dimension'' [\cite{ayhSeZ}].
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\medskip
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\indent A similar model, in which the lattice is replaced by an infinite continuum, and the kinetic energy $H_0$ by $\int c^+_xi\partial_xc^-_x\,dx$, has been shown to be exactly solvable by Andrei [\cite{andEZ}]: in his model the representation of the impurity as a fermion without kinetic energy, used throughout the present work, was introduced.
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\medskip
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\indent The model will be said to exhibit a {\it Kondo effect} if, no matter how small the coupling $\lambda_0$ is, as long as it is {\it antiferromagnetic} ({\it i.e.}\ $\lambda_0<0$), the susceptibility {\it remains finite and positive as $\beta\to\infty$ and continuous as $h\to0$}, while it diverges in presence of a ferromagnetic ({\it i.e.}\ $\lambda_0>0$) coupling. The soluble model in [\cite{andEZ}] and Wilson's version of the model in Eq.(\ref{e1.1}) do exhibit the Kondo effect.
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\medskip
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\indent Here the same questions will be studied in a hierarchical model defined below. The interest of this model is that various observables can be computed by iterating a map, which is explicitly computed and called the ``beta function'', involving few (nine) variables, called ``running couplings''. The possibility of computing the beta function exactly for general fermionic hierarchical models has been noticed and used in [\cite{dorNO}].
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\medskip
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{\bf Remark}: The hierarchical Kondo model {\it will not be an approximation} of Eq.(\ref{e1.1}). It is a model that illustrates a simple mechanism for the control of the growth of relevant operators in a theory exhibiting a Kondo effect.
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\medskip
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\indent The reason why the Kondo effect is not easy to understand is that it is an intrinsically non-perturbative effect, in that the impurity susceptibility in the interacting model is qualitatively different from its non-interacting counterpart. In the sense of the renormalization group it exhibits several ``relevant'', ``marginal'' and ``irrelevant'' running couplings: this makes any naive perturbative approach hopeless because all couplings become large ({\it i.e.}\ at least of O(1)) at large scale, no matter how small the interaction is, as long as $\lambda_0<0$, and thus leave the perturbative regime. It is among the simplest cases in which asymptotic freedom {\it does not occur}. {Using the fact that the beta function of the hierarchical model can be computed exactly, its non-perturbative regime can easily be investigated.}
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\medskip
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\indent In the sections below, we will define the hierarchical Kondo model and show numerical evidence for the following claims (in principle, such claims could be proved using computer-assisted methods, though, since the numerical results are very clear and stable, it may not be worth the trouble).
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\smallskip
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{\it If the interactions between the electron spins and the impurity are antiferromagnetic } ({\it i.e.}\ $\lambda_0<0$ in our notations), then
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\begin{enumerate}[\ \ (1)\ \ ]
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\item The {\it existence of a Kondo effect} can be proved in spite of the lack of asymptotic freedom and formal growth of the effective Hamiltonian away from the trivial fixed point, {\it because the beta function can be computed exactly} (in particular non-pertubatively) and is quite simple as it expresses each running coupling, on a given scale $n$ (corresponding to a length scale $2^n$), as a ratio of two (rather large, but scale independent) polynomials in the couplings at the preceding scale, $n-1$.
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\item It will appear that perturbation theory can only work to describe properties measurable up to a length scale $2^{n_2(\lambda_0)}$, in which $n_2(\lambda_0)$ depends on the coupling $\lambda_0$ between the impurity and the electron chain and, asymptotically as $\lambda_0\to0$, $n_2(\lambda_0)=c_2\log|\lambda_0|^{-1}+O(1)$ for some $c_2>0$; at larger scales perturbation theory breaks down and the evolution of the running couplings is controlled by a non-trivial fixed point (which can be computed exactly).
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\item In addition, there exists an inverse temperature $\beta_K=2^{n_K(\lambda_0)}$ called the {\it Kondo} inverse temperature, such that the Kondo effect manifests itself for $\beta>\beta_K$. Asymptotically as $\lambda_0\to0$, $n_K(\lambda_0)=c_1|\lambda_0|^{-1}+O(1)$.
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\item Denoting the magnetic field by $h$, if $h>0$ and $\beta_Kh\ll1$, the flow of the running couplings tends to a trivial fixed point ($h$-independent but different from $0$) which is reached on a scale $r(h)$ which, {asymptotically} as $h\to0$, is $r(h)=c_r \log h^{-1} +O(1)$.
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\end{enumerate}
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\medskip
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{\it The picture is completely different in the ferromagnetic case,} in which the susceptibility diverges at zero temperature and the flow of the running couplings is not controlled by the non trivial fixed point.
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\medskip
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{\bf Remark}: Unlike in the model studied by Wilson [\cite{wilSeFi}], the $T=0$ nontrivial fixed point is {\it not} infinite in the hierarchical Kondo model: this shows that the Kondo effect can, in some models, be somewhat subtler than a rigid locking of the impurity spin with an electron spin [\cite{nozSeF}].
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\medskip
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\indent Technically this is one of the few cases in which functional integration for fermionic fields is controlled by a non-trivial fixed point and can be performed rigorously and applied to a concrete problem.
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\medskip
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{\bf Remark:}\listparpenalty
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\begin{enumerate}[\ \ (1)\ \ ]
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\item It is worth stressing that in a system consisting of two classical spins with coupling $\lambda_0$ the susceptibility at $0$ field is $4\beta(1+e^{-2\beta\lambda_0})^ {-1}$, hence it vanishes at $T=0$ in the antiferromagnetic case and diverges in the ferromagnetic and in the free case. Therefore this simple model does not exhibit a Kondo effect.
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\item In the exactly solvable XY model, which can be shown to be equivalent to a spin-less analogue of Eq.(\ref{e1.1}), the susceptibility can be shown to diverge in the $\beta\to\infty$ limit, see App.\ref{appF}, \ref{appG} (at least for some boundary conditions). Therefore this model does not exhibit a Kondo effect either.
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\end{enumerate}\unlistparpenalty
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\section{Functional integration in the Kondo model} \label{sec2}
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\indent In [\cite{wilSeFi}], Wilson studies the Kondo problem using renormalization group techniques in a Hamiltonian context. In the present work, our aim is to reproduce, in a simpler model, analogous results using a formalism based on functional integrals.
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\indent In this section, we give a rapid review of the functional integral formalism we will use, following Refs.[\cite{bgNZ}, \cite{shaNF}]. We will not attempt to reproduce all technical details, since it will merely be used as an inspiration for the definition of the hierarchical model in section~\ref{sec3}.
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\indent We introduce an extra dimension, called {\it imaginary time}, and define new creation and annihilation operators:
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\begin{equation}
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c_{\alpha}^\pm(x,t):= e^{tH_0}c_{\alpha}^\pm(x) e^{-tH_0},\quad d^\pm_{\alpha}(t):= e^{tH_0}d^\pm_{\alpha}e^{-tH_0},
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\label{e2.1}\end{equation}
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for $\alpha\in\{\uparrow,\downarrow\}$, to which we associate anti-commuting {\it Grassmann variables}:
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\begin{equation}
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c_\alpha^\pm(x,t)\longmapsto\psi_\alpha^\pm(x,t),\quad d_\alpha^\pm(t)\longmapsto\varphi_\alpha^\pm(t).
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\label{e2.2}\end{equation}
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Functional integrals are expressed as ``Gaussian integrals'' over the Grassmann variables (this means that all integrals will be defined and evaluated via the ``Wick rule''):
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\begin{equation}
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\int P(d\varphi)P(d\psi)\cdot\ :=\ \int \prod_\alpha P(d\varphi_\alpha) P(d\psi_\alpha)\ \cdot
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\label{e2.3}\end{equation}
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$P(d\varphi_\alpha)$ and $P(d\psi_\alpha)$ are Gaussian measures whose covariance (also called {\it propagator}) is defined by
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\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
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g_{\psi,\alpha}(x-x',t-t'):=&
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\left\{\begin{array}{>{\displaystyle}ll}
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\frac{\mathrm{Tr}\, e^{-\beta H_0}c^-_{\alpha}(x,t)c^+_{\alpha}(x',t')}{\mathrm{Tr}\,e^{-\beta H_0}}&\mathrm{\ if\ } t>t'\\[0.5cm]
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-\frac{\mathrm{Tr}\,e^{-\beta H_0} c^+_{\alpha}(x',t')c^-_{\alpha}(x,t)}{\mathrm{Tr}\,e^{-\beta H_0}}&\mathrm{\ if\ } t\le t'
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\end{array}\right.\\[1.5cm]
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g_{\varphi,\alpha}:=&
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\left\{\begin{array}{>{\displaystyle}ll}
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\mathrm{Tr}\,d^-_{\alpha}(t)d^+_{\alpha}(t') &\mathrm{\ if\ } t>t'\\[0.5cm]
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-\mathrm{Tr}\,d^+_{\alpha}(t')d^-_{\alpha}(t) &\mathrm{\ if\ }t\le t'
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\end{array}\right..
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\end{array}\label{e2.4}\end{equation}
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\indent By a direct computation [\cite{bgNZ}, Eq.(2.7)], we find that in the limit $L,\beta\to\infty$, if $e(k):=(1-\cos k) -1\equiv -\cos k$ (assuming the Fermi level is set to $1$, {\it i.e.}\ the Fermi momentum to $\pm\frac\pi2$) then
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\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
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g_{\psi,\alpha}(\xi,\tau) =&\int\frac{dk_0 dk}{(2\pi)^2}\,{e^{-ik_0(\tau+0^-)-ik\xi} \over-ik_0+e(k) },\\[0.5cm]
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g_{\varphi,\alpha}(\xi,\tau) =& \int\frac{dk_0}{2\pi}\,{e^{-ik_0(\tau+0^-)} \over-ik_0}.\label{e2.5}\end{array}\end{equation}
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If $\beta,L$ are finite, $\int\,\frac{dk_0 dk}{(2\pi)^2}$ in Eq.(\ref{e2.5}) has to be understood as $\frac1\beta \sum_{k_0} \frac1L \sum_k$, where $k_0$ is the ``Matsubara momentum'' $k_0= \frac\pi{\beta} +\frac{2\pi}\beta n_0$, $n_0\in\mathbb Z$, $2^{|n_0|}\le\frac12\beta$, and $k$ is the linear momentum $k=\frac{2\pi}L n$, $n\in [-L/2,L/2-1]\cap\mathbb Z$.
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\medskip
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\indent In the functional representation, the operator $V$ of Eq.(\ref{e1.1}) is substituted with the following function of the Grassmann variables (\ref{e2.2}):
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\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
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V(\psi,\varphi)=&
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-\lambda_0 \sum_{{j\in\{1,2,3\}}\atop{\alpha_1,\alpha'_1,\alpha_2,\alpha_2'}}\int dt \,(\psi^+_{\alpha_1}(0,t)\sigma^j_{\alpha_1,\alpha'_1} \psi^-_{\alpha'_1}(0,t)) (\varphi^+_{\alpha_2}(t)\sigma^j_{\alpha_2,\alpha_2'} \varphi^-_{\alpha_2'}(t))\\
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&-h \int dt\sum_{\alpha\in\uparrow,\downarrow}\varphi^+_{\alpha}(t)\sigma^3_{\alpha,\alpha} \varphi^-_{\alpha}(t)\\
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\end{array}\label{e2.6}\end{equation}
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Notice that $V$ only depends on the fields located at the site $x=0$. This is important because it will allow us to reduce the problem to a 1-dimensional one [\cite{aySN}, \cite{ayhSeZ}].
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\indent The average of a physical observable $F$ localized at $x=0$, which is a polynomial in the fields $\psi_{\alpha}^\pm(0,t)$ and $\varphi_\alpha^\pm(t)$, will be denoted by
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\begin{equation}
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\left<\,F\,\right>_K:=\frac1Z\int P(d\varphi)P_0(d\psi)\, e^{-V(\psi,\varphi)} \,F,
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\label{e2.7}\end{equation}
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in which $P_0(d\psi)$ is the Gaussian Grassmannian measure over the fields $\psi_\alpha^\pm(0,t)$ localized at the site $0$ and with propagator $g_{\psi,\alpha}(0,\tau)$ and $Z$ is a normalization factor.
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\medskip
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\indent The propagators can be split into scales by introducing a smooth cutoff function $\chi$ which is different from $0$ only on $(\frac14,1)$ and, denoting $N_\beta:= \log_2 \beta$, is such that $\sum_{m=-N_\beta}^\infty\chi(2^{-2m}z^2)=1$ for all $|z|\in[\frac{\pi}{\beta},N_\beta]$. Let
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\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
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g_{\psi}^{[m]}(0,\tau):=&\sum_{\omega\in\{-,+\}}\int\frac{dk_0 dk}{(2\pi)^2}\frac{e^{-ik_0(\tau+0^-)}}{-ik_0+e(k)}\chi(2^{-2m}((k-\omega\pi/2)^2+k_0^2))\\
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g_\psi^{[\mathrm{uv}]}(0,\tau):=&g_\psi(0,\tau)-\sum_{m=-N_\beta}^{m_0} g_{\psi}^{[m]}(0,\tau)\\
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g_\varphi^{[m]}(\tau):=&\int\frac{dk_0}{2\pi}\,\frac{e^{-ik_0(\tau+0^-)}}{-ik_0}\chi(2^{-2m}k_0^2)\\
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g_\varphi^{[\mathrm{uv}]}(\tau):=&g_\varphi(\tau)-\sum_{m=-N_\beta}^{m_0}g_\varphi^{[m]}(\tau).
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\end{array}\label{e2.8}\end{equation}
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where $m_0$ is an integer of order one (see below).
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\medskip
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{\bf Remark}: The $\omega=\pm$ label refers to the ``quasi particle'' momentum $\omega p_F$, where $p_F$ is the Fermi momentum. The usual approach [\cite{bgNZ}, \cite{shaNF}] is to decompose the field $\psi$ into quasi-particle fields:
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\begin{equation}
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\psi^\pm_{\alpha}(0,t)=\sum_{\omega=\pm} \psi^\pm_{\omega,\alpha}(0,t),
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\label{e2.9} \end{equation}
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indeed, the introduction of quasi particles [\cite{bgNZ}, \cite{shaNF}], is key to separating the oscillations on the Fermi scale $p_F^{-1}$ from the propagators thus allowing a ``naive'' renormalization group analysis of fermionic models in which multiscale phenomena are important (as in the theory of the ground state of interacting fermions [\cite{bgNZ}, \cite{bgeNF}], or as in the Kondo model). In this case, however, since the fields are evaluated at $x=0$, such oscillations play no role, so we will not decompose the field.
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\medskip
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\indent We set $m_0$ to be small enough ({\it i.e.}\ negative enough) so that $2^{m_0}p_F\le1$ and introduce a first {\it approximation}: we neglect $g_{\psi}^{[\mathrm{uv}]}$ and $g_\varphi^{[\mathrm{uv}]}$, and replace $e(k)$ in Eq.(\ref{e2.5}) by its first order Taylor expansion around $\omega p_F$, that is by $\omega k$. As long as $m_0$ is small enough, for all $m\le m_0$ the supports {of the two functions $\chi(2^{-2m}((k-\omega\pi/2)^2+k_0^2))$, $\omega=\pm1$}, which appear in the first of Eqs.(\ref{e2.8}) do not intersect, and approximating $e(k)$ by $\omega k$ is reasonable. We shall hereafter fix $m_0=0$ thus avoiding the introduction of a further length scale and keeping only two scales when no impurity is present.
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\indent Since we are interested in the {\it infrared} properties of the system, we consider such approximations as minor and more of a {\it simplification} rather than an approximation, since the ultraviolet regime is expected to be trivial because of the discreteness of the model in the operator representation.
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\indent After this approximation, the propagators of the model reduce to
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\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
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g_{\psi}^{[m]}(0,\tau)=& \sum_{\omega\in\{-,+\}}\int\frac{dk_0 dk}{(2\pi)^2}
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\frac{e^{-ik_0(\tau+0^-)}}{-ik_0+\omega k}\chi(2^{-2m}(k^2+k_0^2))\\
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g_\varphi^{[m]}(\tau)=& \int\frac{dk_0}{2\pi}\,\frac{e^{-ik_0(\tau+0^-)}}{-ik_0}\chi(2^{-2m}k_0^2).
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\end{array}\label{e2.10}\end{equation}
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and satisfy the following {\it scaling} property:
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\begin{equation}
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g_{\psi}^{[m]}(0,\tau)=2^{m}g_{\psi}^{[0]}(0,2^{m}\tau),\quad g_\varphi^{[m]}(\tau)=g_\varphi^{[0]}(2^{m}\tau).
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\label{e2.11}\end{equation}
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\indent The Grassmannian fields are similarly decomposed into scales:
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\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
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\psi^\pm_\alpha(0,t)=& \sum_{m=-N_\beta}^{0} 2^{\frac{m}2}\psi_{\alpha}^{[m]\pm}(0,2^{-m}t)\\
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\varphi^\pm_\alpha(t)=&\sum_{m=-N_\beta}^{0} \varphi_a^{[m]\pm}(2^{-m}t)
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\label{e2.12}\end{array}\end{equation}
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with $\psi_{\alpha}^{[m]}(0,t)$ and $\varphi_\alpha^{[m]}(t)$ being, respectively, assigned the following propagators:
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\begin{equation}\begin{array}{>{\displaystyle}r@{\ }l}
|
||||
\int P_0(d\psi^{[m]})\psi_{\alpha}^{[m]-}(0,t)\psi_{\alpha'}^{[m]+}(0,t')
|
||||
=:&\delta_{\alpha,\alpha'}g_{\psi}^{[0]}(0,2^{m}(t-t'))\\
|
||||
\int P(d\varphi^{[m]})\varphi_{\alpha}^{[m]-}(t)\varphi_{\alpha'}^{[m]+}(t')
|
||||
=:&\delta_{\alpha,\alpha'}g_{\varphi}^{[0]}(2^{m}(t-t'))
|
||||
\end{array}\label{e2.13}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
{\bf Remark:} by \label.(\ref{e2.10}) this is equivalent to stating that the propagators associated with the $\psi^{[m]},\varphi^{[m]}$ fields are $2^{-m}g^{[m]}$ and $g^{[m]}$, respectively.
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Finally, we define
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
\psi_{\alpha}^{[\le m]\pm}(0,t):=&\sum_{m'=-N_\beta}^{m} 2^{\frac{m'}2}\psi_{\alpha}^{[m']\pm}(0,t),\\
|
||||
\varphi_{\alpha}^{[\le m]\pm}(t):=&\sum_{m'=-N_\beta}^{m}\varphi_{\alpha}^{[m']\pm}(t).
|
||||
\end{array}\label{e2.14}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Notice that the functions $g_\psi^{[m]}(\xi,\tau),g_\varphi^{[m]}(\tau)$ decay faster than any power as $\tau$ tends to $\infty$ (as a consequence of the smoothness of the cut-off function $\chi$), so that at any fixed scale $m\le 0$, the fields $\psi^{[m]},\varphi^{[m]}$ can be regarded as (almost) independent on the scale $2^{-m}$.
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent The decomposition into scales allows us to compute the quantities in Eq.(\ref{e2.7}) inductively. For instance the partition function $Z$ is given by
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
Z=\exp\Big(-\beta\sum_{m=-N_\beta}^{0} c^{[m]}\,\Big)
|
||||
\label{e2.15}\end{equation}
|
||||
where, for $N_\beta<m\le 0$,
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{largearray}
|
||||
\beta c^{[m-1]}+V^{[m-1]}(\psi^{[\le m-1]},\varphi^{[\le m-1]})\\
|
||||
\hfill:=-\log\int P(d\psi^{[m]})P(d\varphi^{[m]})\,e^{-V^{[m]}(\psi^{[\le m]},\varphi^{[\le m]})}\\[0.75cm]
|
||||
\hfil V^{[0]}(\psi^{[\le0]},\varphi^{[\le0]}):=V(\psi^{[\le0]},\varphi^{[\le0]})
|
||||
\end{largearray}\label{e2.16}\end{equation}
|
||||
in which $c^{[m-1]}\in R$ and $V^{[m-1]}$ has no constant term, {\it i.e.}\ no fields independent term.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Hierarchical Kondo model} \label{sec3}
|
||||
\indent In this section, we define a hierarchical Kondo model, localized at $x=0$ (the location of the impurity), inspired by the discussion in the previous section and the remark that the problem of the Kondo effect is reduced there to the evaluation of a functional integral over the fields $\psi(x,t),\varphi(t)$ {\it with $x\equiv0$}. The hierarchical model is a model that is represented using a functional integral, that shares a few features with the functional integral described in Sec.\ref{sec2}, which are essential to the Kondo effect. Therein the fields $\psi^{[m]}$ and $\varphi^{[m]}$ evaluated at $x=0$ are assumed to be constant in $t$ on scale $2^{-m}, m=0,-1,-2\ldots $, and the propagators $g_{\psi}^{[m]}(0,\tau)$ and $g_\varphi^{[m]}(\tau)$ with large Matsubara momentum $k_0$ are neglected ($g^{[uv]}=0$ in Eq.(\ref{e2.8})).
|
||||
|
||||
\indent The hierarchical Kondo model is defined by introducing a family of {\it hierarchical fields} and specifying a {\it propagator} for each pair of fields. The average of any monomial of fields is then computed using the Wick rule.
|
||||
|
||||
\indent As a preliminary step, we pave the time axis $R$ with boxes of size $2^{-m}$ for every $m\in\{0,-1,\ldots,-N_\beta\}$. To that end, we define the set of {\it boxes on scale $m$} as
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\mathcal Q_m:=\left\{[i 2^{|m|}, (i+1) 2^{|m|})\right\}_{i=0,1,\cdots,2^{N_\beta-|m|}-1}^{m=0,-1,\ldots}
|
||||
\label{e3.1}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Given a box $\Delta\in\mathcal Q_m$, we define $t_\Delta$ as the center of $\Delta$; conversely, given a point $t\in R$, we define $\Delta^{[m]}(t)$ as the (unique) box on scale $m$ that contains $t$.
|
||||
|
||||
\indent A naive approach would then be to define the hierarchical model in terms of the fields $\psi^{[m]}_{t_\Delta}$ and $\varphi^{[m]}_{t_\Delta}$, and neglect the propagators between fields in different boxes, but, as we will see below, such a model would be trivial (all propagators would vanish because of Fermi statistics).
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Instead, we further decompose each box into two {\it half boxes}: given $\Delta\in\mathcal Q_m$ and $\eta\in\{-,+\}$, we define
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\Delta_{\eta}:=\Delta^{[m+1]}(t_{\Delta}+\eta2^{-m-2})
|
||||
\label{e3.2}\end{equation}
|
||||
for $m< 0$ and similarly for $m=0$. Thus $\Delta_{-}$ is the lower half of $\Delta$ and $\Delta_{+}$ the upper half.
|
||||
|
||||
\indent The elementary fields used to define the hierarchical Kondo model will be {\it constant on each half-box} and will be denoted by $\psi_\alpha^{[m]\pm}(\Delta_{\eta})$ and $\varphi_{\alpha}^{[m]\pm}(\Delta_{\eta})$ for $m\in\{0,-1,\cdots,$ $-N_\beta\}$, $\Delta\in\mathcal Q_m$, $\eta\in\{-,+\}$, $\alpha\in\{\uparrow,\downarrow\}$.
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent We now define the propagators associated with $\psi$ and $\varphi$. The idea is to define propagators that are {\it similar} [\cite{wilSFi}, \cite{wilSeZ}, \cite{dysSN}], in a sense made more precise below, to the non-hierarchical propagators defined in Eq.(\ref{e2.4}). Bearing that in mind, we compute the value of the non-hierarchical propagators between fields at the centers of two half boxes: given a box $\Delta\in\mathcal Q_{0}$ and $\eta\in\{-,+\}$, let $\delta:=2^{-1}$ denote the distance between the centers of $\Delta_-$ and $\Delta_+$, we get
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
g^{[0]}_{\psi}(0,\eta\delta)=&\eta\sum_{\omega=\pm}\int \frac{dkdk_0}{(2\pi)^2} \frac{k_0\sin(k_0\delta)}{k_0^2+k^2}\chi(k^2+k_0^2)
|
||||
:=\eta a\\[0.5cm]
|
||||
g^{[0]}_{\varphi}(\eta\delta)=&\eta\int\frac{dk_0}{2\pi} \frac{\sin(k_0\delta)}{k_0}\chi(k_0^2)\,:=\eta b
|
||||
\end{array} \label{e3.3}\end{equation}
|
||||
in which $a$ and $b$ are constants, see [\cite{ayhSeZ}, p.4465]. We define the hierarchical propagators, drawing inspiration from Eq.(\ref{e3.3}). In an effort to make computations more explicit, we set $a=b\equiv1$ and define
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\left<\psi_{\alpha}^{[m]-}(\Delta_{-\eta})\psi_{\alpha}^{[m]+}(\Delta_{\eta})\right >:= \eta,\quad
|
||||
\left<\varphi_{\alpha}^{[m]-}(\Delta_{-\eta})\varphi_{\alpha}^{[m]+}(\Delta_{\eta})\right> := \eta
|
||||
\label{e3.4}\end{equation}
|
||||
for $m\in\{0,-1,\cdots,-N_\beta\}$, $\eta\in\{-,+\}$, $\Delta\in\mathcal Q_m$, $\alpha\in\{\downarrow,\uparrow\}$. All other propagators are $0$. Note that if we had not defined the model using half boxes, all the propagators in Eq.(\ref{e3.3}) would vanish, and the model would be trivial.
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent In order to link back to the non-hierarchical model, we define the following quantities: for all $t\in R$,
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
\psi^{\pm}_{\alpha}(0,t):=& \sum_{m=-N_\beta}^{0}2^{\frac{m}2} \psi^{[m]\pm}_{\alpha}(\Delta^{[m+1]}(t)),\\
|
||||
\varphi^{\pm}_{\alpha}(t):=&\sum_{m=-N_\beta}^{0} \varphi^{[m]\pm}_{\alpha}(\Delta^{[m+1]}(t))
|
||||
\end{array}\label{e3.5}\end{equation}
|
||||
(recall that $m\le0$ and $\Delta^{[m]}(t)\supset\Delta^{[m+1]}(t)$). The hierarchical model for the on-site Kondo effect so defined is such that the propagator between two fields vanishes unless both fields belong to the same box and, at the same time, to two different halves within that box. In addition, given $t$ and $t'$ that are such that $|t-t'|>2^{m-1}$, there exists one and only one scale $m_{(t-t')}$ that is such that $\Delta^{[m_{(t-t')}]}(t)=\Delta^{[m_{(t-t')}]}(t')$ and $\Delta^{[m_{(t-t')}+1]}(t)\neq\Delta^{[m_{(t-t')}+1]}(t')$. Therefore $\forall(t,t')\in R^2$, $\forall(\alpha,\alpha')\in\{\uparrow,\downarrow\}^2$,
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\left<\,\psi_\alpha^-(0,t)\psi_{\alpha'}^+(0,t')\,\right>=\delta_{\alpha,\alpha'} 2^{m_{(t-t')}}\mathrm{sign}(t-t').
|
||||
\label{e3.6}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent The non-hierarchical analog of Eq.(\ref{e3.6}) is (we recall that $\left<\,\cdot\,\right>_K$ was defined in Eq.(\ref{e2.8}))
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\left<\,\psi_\alpha^-(0,t)\psi_{\alpha'}^+(0,t')\,\right>_K
|
||||
=\delta_{\alpha,\alpha'} \sum_{m'=-N_\beta}^{0}2^{m'}g_{\psi}^{[0]}(0,2^{m'}(t-t'))
|
||||
\label{e3.7}\end{equation}
|
||||
from which we see that the hierarchical model boils down to neglecting the $m'$ that are ``wrong'', that is those that are different from $m_{(t-t')}$, and approximating $g^{[m]}_{\psi}$ by $\mathrm{sign}(t-t')$. Similar considerations hold for $\varphi$.
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent The physical observables $F$ considered here will be polynomials in the hierarchical fields; their averages, by analogy with Eq.(\ref{e2.7}), will be
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\frac1Z\left<\,e^{-V(\psi,\varphi)}F\,\right>,\quad Z=\left<\,e^{-V(\psi,\varphi)}\,\right>
|
||||
\label{e3.8}\end{equation}
|
||||
(in which $\left<\,\cdot\,\right>$ is computed using the Wick rule and Eq.(\ref{e3.4})) and, similarly to Eq.(\ref{e2.6}),
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
V(\psi,\varphi)=&
|
||||
-\lambda_0 \sum_{{j\in\{1,2,3\}}\atop{\alpha_1,\alpha'_1,\alpha_2,\alpha_2'}}\int dt \,(\psi^+_{\alpha_1}(0,t)\sigma^j_{\alpha_1,\alpha'_1} \psi^-_{\alpha'_1}(0,t)) (\varphi^+_{\alpha_2}(t)\sigma^j_{\alpha_2,\alpha_2'} \varphi^-_{\alpha_2'}(t))\\
|
||||
&-h \int dt\sum_{\alpha\in\uparrow,\downarrow}\varphi^+_{\alpha}(t)\sigma^3_{\alpha,\alpha} \varphi^-_{\alpha}(t)\\
|
||||
\end{array}\label{e3.9}\end{equation}
|
||||
in which $\psi^\pm_\alpha(0,t)$ and $\varphi^\pm_\alpha(t)$ are now defined in Eq.(\ref{e3.5}).
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Note that since the model defined above only involves field localized at the impurity site, that is at $x=0$, we only have to deal with $1$-dimensional fermionic fields. {\it This does not mean} that the lattice supporting the electrons plays no role: on the contrary it will show up, and in an essential way, because the ``dimension'' of the electron field will be different from that of the impurity, as made already manifest by the factor $2^m\mathop{\longrightarrow}_{m\to-\infty}0$ in Eq.(\ref{e3.6}).
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Clearly several properties of the non-hierarchical propagators, Eq.(\ref{e2.10}), are not reflected in Eq.(\ref{e3.6}). However it will be seen that even so simplified the model exhibits a ``Kondo effect'' in the sense outlined below.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Beta function for the partition function.} \label{sec4}
|
||||
\indent In this section, we show how to compute the partition function $Z$ of the hierarchical Kondo model (see Eq.(\ref{e3.8})), and introduce the concept of a {\it renormalization group flow} in this context. We will first restrict the discussion to the $h=0$ case, in which $V=V_0$; the case $h\ne0$ is discussed in Sec.\ref{sec5}.
|
||||
|
||||
\indent The computation is carried out in an inductive fashion by splitting the average $\left<\,e^{V_0(\psi,\varphi)}\,\right>$ into partial averages over the fields on scale $m$. Given $m\in\{0,-1,\cdots,-N_\beta\}$, we define $\left<\,\cdot\,\right>_m$ as the partial average over $\psi^{[m]\pm}_{\alpha}(\Delta_\eta)$ and $\varphi^{[m]\pm}_\alpha(\Delta_\eta)$ for $\alpha\in\{\uparrow,\downarrow\}$, $\Delta\in\mathcal Q_m$ and $\eta\in\{-,+\}$, as well as
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
\psi_{\alpha}^{[\le m]\pm}(\Delta_\eta):=&\frac1{\sqrt2} \psi_{\alpha}^{[\le m-1]\pm}(\Delta)+\psi_{\alpha}^{[m]\pm}(\Delta_\eta)\\[0.5cm]
|
||||
\varphi_{\alpha}^{[\le m]\pm}(\Delta_\eta):=&\varphi_{\alpha}^{[\le m-1]\pm}(\Delta) +\varphi_{\alpha}^{[m]\pm}(\Delta_\eta)
|
||||
\end{array}\label{e4.1}\end{equation}
|
||||
and for $\Delta\in\mathcal Q_{-m},\,m<-N_\beta$,
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\psi_{\alpha}^{[\le m]}(\Delta_\eta):=0,\qquad \varphi_{\alpha}^{[\le m]}(\Delta_\eta):=0.
|
||||
\label{e4.2}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Notice that the fields $\psi_{\alpha}^{[\le m-1]\pm}(\Delta)$ and $\varphi_{\alpha}^{[\le m-1]\pm}(\Delta)$ play (temporarily) the role of {\it external fields} as they do not depend on the index $\eta$, and are therefore independent of the half box in which the {\it internal fields} $\psi_{\alpha}^{[\le m]\pm}(\Delta_\eta)$ and $\varphi_{\alpha}^{[\le m]\pm}(\Delta_\eta)$ are defined. In addition, by iterating Eq.(\ref{e4.1}), we can rewrite Eq.(\ref{e3.5}) as
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\psi_\alpha^\pm(t)\equiv\psi_{\alpha}^{[\le0]\pm}(\Delta^{[1]}(t)),\quad \varphi_\alpha^\pm(t)\equiv\varphi_\alpha^{[\le0]\pm}(\Delta^{[1]}(t))
|
||||
\label{e4.3}\end{equation}
|
||||
\indent We then define, for $m\in\{0,-1,\cdots,-N_\beta\}$,
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
\beta c^{[m]}+V^{[m-1]}(\psi^{[\le m-1]},\varphi^{[\le m-1]})
|
||||
:=&-\log\left<\,e^{-V^{[m]}(\psi^{[\le m]},\varphi^{[\le m]})}\,\right>_m\\[0.5cm]
|
||||
\indent V^{[0]}(\psi^{[\le0]},\varphi^{[\le 0]}):=&V_0(\psi^{[\le0]},\varphi^{[\le 0]})
|
||||
\end{array}\label{e4.4}\end{equation}
|
||||
in which $c^{[m-1]}\in R$ is a constant and $V^{[m-1]}$ contains no constant term. By a straightforward induction, we then find that $Z$ is given again by Eq.(\ref{e2.15}) with the present definition of $c^{[m]}$ (see Eq.(\ref{e4.4})).
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent We will now prove by induction that the hierarchical Kondo model defined above is {\it integrable}, in the sense that Eq.(\ref{e4.4}) can be written out {\it explicitly} as a {\it finite} system of equations. To that end it will be shown that $V^{[m]}$ can be parameterized by only four real numbers, $\bm\alpha^{[m]}=(\alpha^{[m]}_0,\cdots,\alpha^{[m]}_3)\in R^4$ and, in the process, the equation relating $\bm\alpha^{[m]}$ and $\bm\alpha^{[m-1]}$ (called the {\it beta function}) will be computed:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
-V^{[m]}(\psi^{[\le m]},\varphi^{[\le m]})
|
||||
=\sum_{\Delta\in\mathcal Q_m}\sum_{n=0}^3\alpha_n^{[m]} \sum_{\eta=\pm}O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)
|
||||
\label{e4.5}\end{equation}
|
||||
where
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
O^{[\le m]}_{0,\eta}(\Delta):=\frac12\mathbf A^{[\le m]}_\eta(\Delta) \cdot\mathbf B^{[\le m]}_\eta(\Delta),\quad&
|
||||
O^{[\le m]}_{1,\eta}(\Delta):=\frac12\mathbf A^{[\le m]}_\eta(\Delta)^2,\\[0.5cm]
|
||||
O^{[\le m]}_{2,\eta}(\Delta):= \frac12\mathbf B^{[\le m]}_\eta(\Delta)^2 \label{e4.6},\quad&
|
||||
O^{[\le m]}_{3,\eta}(\Delta):=\frac12\mathbf A^{[\le m]}_\eta(\Delta)^2 \mathbf B^{[\le m]}_\eta(\Delta)^2
|
||||
\end{array}\end{equation}
|
||||
in which $\mathbf A^{[\le m]}$ and $\mathbf B^{[\le m]}$ are vectors of polynomials in the fields, whose $j$-th component for $j\in\{1,2,3\}$ is
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
A^{[\le m]j}_\eta(\Delta):=&\sum_{(\alpha,\alpha')\in\{\uparrow,\downarrow\}^2} \psi_{\alpha}^{[\le m]+}(\Delta_\eta)\sigma^j_{\alpha,\alpha'} \psi_{\alpha'}^{[\le m]-}(\Delta_\eta)\\[0.5cm]
|
||||
B^{[\le m]j}_\eta(\Delta):=&\sum_{(\alpha,\alpha')\in\{\uparrow,\downarrow\}^2} \varphi_{\alpha}^{[\le m]+}(\Delta_\eta)\sigma^j_{\alpha,\alpha'}\varphi_{\alpha'}^{[\le m]-}(\Delta_\eta).
|
||||
\end{array}\label{e4.7}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent For $m=0$, by injecting Eq.(\ref{e4.3}) into Eq.(\ref{e3.9}), we find that $V^{[0]}$ can be written as in Eq.(\ref{e4.5}) with $\bm\alpha^{[0]}=(\lambda_0,0,0,0)$.
|
||||
|
||||
\indent We then compute $V^{[m-1]}$ using Eq.(\ref{e4.4}) and show it can be written as in Eq.(\ref{e4.5}). We first notice that the propagator in Eq.(\ref{e3.4}) is diagonal in $\Delta$, and does not depend on the value of $\Delta$, therefore, we can split the averaging over $\psi^{[m]}(\Delta_\pm)$ for different $\Delta$, as well as that over $\varphi^{[m]}(\Delta)$. We thereby find that
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\left<\,e^{\sum_{\Delta} \sum_{n,\eta}\alpha_n^{[m]}O_{n,\Delta}^{[\le m]}}\,\right>_m =\prod_{\Delta}\left<\,e^{\sum_{n,\eta} \alpha_n^{[m]} O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)}\,\right>_m
|
||||
\label{e4.8}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent In addition, we rewrite
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
e^{\sum_{n,\eta}\alpha_n^{[m]}O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)}
|
||||
=&\prod_{\eta=\pm}e^{\sum_n \alpha_n^{[m]}O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)}\\[0.5cm]
|
||||
=&\prod_{\eta=\pm}\sum_{k=0}^2\frac1{k!}\Big(\sum_{n=0}^3 \alpha_n^{[m]}O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)\Big)^k
|
||||
\end{array}\label{e4.9}\end{equation}
|
||||
in which the sum over $k$ only goes up to 2 as a consequence of the anticommutation relations, see the lemma in App.\ref{appD}; this also allows us to rewrite
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\sum_{k=0}^2\frac1{k!}\Big(\sum_{n=0}^3\alpha_n^{[m]} O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)\Big)^k
|
||||
=1+\sum_{n=0}^3\ell_n^{[m]} O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)
|
||||
\label{e4.10}\end{equation}
|
||||
where
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
&\ell_0^{[m]}=\alpha_0^{[m]},\quad \ell_1^{[m]}=\alpha_1^{[m]},\quad \ell_2^{[m]}=\alpha_2^{[m]},\\[0.25cm]
|
||||
&\ell_3^{[m]}=\alpha_3^{[m]}-\frac1{12}(\ell_0^{[m]})^2-\frac12\ell_1^{[m]}\ell_2^{[m]}.
|
||||
\end{array}\label{e4.11}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent At this point, we insert Eq.(\ref{e4.10}) into Eq.(\ref{e4.9}) and compute the average, which is a somewhat long computation, although finite (see App.\ref{appB} for the main shortcuts). We find that
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\left<\prod_{\eta=\pm}\Big(1+\sum_{n=0}^3\ell_n^{[m]}O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)\Big)\right>_m
|
||||
=C^{[m]}\left(1+\sum_{n=0}^3\ell^{[m-1]}_{n}O_{n}^{[\le m-1]}(\Delta)\right)
|
||||
\label{e4.12}\end{equation}
|
||||
with (in order to reduce the size of the following equation, we dropped all $^{[m]}$ from the right side)
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
C^{[m]}=&1+ 3\ell_0^2+9\ell_1^2+9\ell_2^2+324\ell_3^2\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\ell_0^{[m-1]}=&\frac1C\Big(\ell_0 +18\ell_0\ell_3+3 \ell_0\ell_2+3 \ell_0\ell_1 -2\ell_0^2\Big)\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\ell_1^{[m-1]}=&\frac1C\Big( \frac12\ell_1+9\ell_2\ell_3 +\frac14\ell_0^2\Big)\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\ell_2^{[m-1]}=& \frac1C\Big(2\ell_2+36\ell_1\ell_3+ \ell_0^2\Big)\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\ell_3^{[m-1]}=& \frac1C\Big(\frac12\ell_3+\frac14\ell_1\ell_2+\frac1{24} \ell_0^2\Big).
|
||||
\end{array}\label{e4.13}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent The $\bm\alpha^{[m-1]}$ could then be reconstructed from Eq.(\ref{e4.13}) by inverting the map $\bm\alpha\mapsto\bm\ell$ (see Eq.(\ref{e4.11})). It is nevertheless convenient to work with the $\bm\ell$'s as running couplings rather than with the $\bm\alpha$'s.
|
||||
|
||||
\indent This concludes the proof of Eq.(\ref{e4.5}), and provides an explicit map, defined in Eq.(\ref{e4.13}) and which we denote by $\mathcal R$, that is such that $\bm\ell^{[m]}=\mathcal R^{|m|}\bm\ell^{[0]}$. Finally, by Eq.(\ref{e4.5}) and Eq.(\ref{e4.4}), we can compute the $c^{[m]}$ appearing in Eq.(\ref{e4.5}):
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
c^{[m]}=-2^{N_\beta+m}\log(C^{[m]})
|
||||
\label{e4.14}\end{equation}
|
||||
which is well defined: it follows from Eq.(\ref{e4.13}) that $C^{[m]}\ge1$.
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent The dynamical system defined by the map $\mathcal R$ in Eq.(\ref{e4.13}) admits a few non trivial fixed points. A numerical analysis shows that if the initial data $\lambda_0\equiv\alpha_0$ is small and $<0$ the flow converges to a fixed point $\bm\ell^*$
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\ell^*_0=-x_0\frac{1+5x_0}{1-4x_0},\quad \ell^*_1=\frac{x_0}3,\quad
|
||||
\ell^*_2=\frac{1}3, \quad \ell^*_3=\frac{x_0}{18}
|
||||
\label{e4.15}\end{equation}
|
||||
where $x_0\approx0.15878626704216...$ is the real root of $4-19x-22x^2-107x^3=0$. The corresponding $\bm\alpha^*$ is (see Eq.(\ref{e4.11}))
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\alpha^*_0=\ell^*_0,\quad \alpha^*_1=\ell^*_1,\quad \alpha^*_2=\ell^*_2,\quad
|
||||
\alpha^*_3=\ell^*_3-\frac1{12}\ell^{*2}_0-\frac12\ell^*_1\ell^*_2 = {-\frac1{12}\ell^{*2}_0}.
|
||||
\label{e4.16}\end{equation}
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
{\bf Remark}: Numerical evidence shows that the flow of the beta function is qualitatively identical to that obtained by neglecting the {\it irrelevant} terms ($\ell_1$ and $\ell_3$), which can easily be studied analytically. Indeed the map reduces to
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }l}
|
||||
C^{[m]}=&1+ 3\ell_0^2+9\ell_2^2\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\ell_0^{[m-1]}=&\frac1C\Big(\ell_0 +3 \ell_0\ell_2 -2\ell_0^2\Big)\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\ell_2^{[m-1]}=& \frac1C\Big(2\ell_2+ \ell_0^2\Big)\\
|
||||
\end{array}\label{e4.17}\end{equation}
|
||||
which can be shown to have $4$ fixed points:
|
||||
\begin{enumerate}[\ \ (1)\ \ ]
|
||||
\item$f_0=(0,0)$, unstable in the $\ell_2$ direction and marginal in the $\ell_0$ direction (repelling if $\ell_0<0, \ell_2=0$), this is the {\it trivial fixed point};
|
||||
\item $f_+=(0,\frac13)$, stable in the $\ell_2$ direction and marginal in the $\ell_0$ direction (repelling if $\ell_0<0, \ell_2=\frac13$), which we call the {\it ferromagnetic fixed-point} (because the flow converges to $f_+$ in the ferromagnetic case, see below);
|
||||
\item $f_-=(0,-\frac13)$ stable in both directions;
|
||||
\item $f^*=(-\frac23,\frac13)$, stable in both directions, which we call the {\it anti-ferromagnetic fixed point} (because the flow converges to $f^*$ in the anti-ferromagnetic case, see below).
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent We now prove that starting from $\ell^{[0]}_0<0,\ell^{[0]}_2=0$, the flow converges to $f^*$. It follows from (\ref{e4.17}) that $\ell^{[m]}_0<0$, $\ell^{[m]}_2>0$ for all $m<0$, so that if (\ref{e4.17}) converges to a fixed point, then it must converge to $f^*$. In addition, by a straightforward induction, one finds that $\ell_2^{[m-1]}>\ell_2^{[m]}$ if $\ell_2^{[m]}<\frac13$. Furthermore, $(2\ell_2+\ell_0^2)\le\frac C3$, which implies that $\ell_2^{[m]}\le\frac13$. Therefore $\ell_2^{[m]}$ converges as $m\to-\infty$. In addition, $\ell_0^{[m-1]}<\ell_0^{[m]}$ if $\ell_0^{[m]}>-\frac23$, and $\ell_0^{[m]}>-\frac13-\ell_2^{[m]}\ge-\frac23$, so that $\ell_0^{[m]}$ converges as well as $m\to-\infty$. The flow therefore tends to $f^*$.
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Finally, we prove that starting from $\ell^{[0]}_0>0,\ell^{[0]}_2=0$, the flow converges to $f_+$. Similarly to the anti-ferromagnetic case, $\ell^{[m]}_2>0$ for all $m<0$, $\ell_2^{[m]}\le\frac13$ and $\ell_2^{[m-1]}>\ell_2^{[m]}$. In addition, by a simple induction, if $\lambda_0<1$, then $\ell_0^{[m]}>0$ and $\ell_0^{[m]}+\frac13-\ell_2^{[m]}$ is strictly decreasing and positive. In conclusion, $\ell_0^{[m]}$ and $\ell_2^{[m]}$ converge to $f_+$.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Beta function for the Kondo effect} \label{sec5}
|
||||
\indent In this section, we discuss the Kondo effect in the hierarchical model: {\it i.e.}\ the phenomenon that as soon as the interaction is strictly repulsive ({\it i.e.}\ $\lambda_0<0$) the susceptibility of the impurity at zero temperature remains positive and finite, although it can become very large for small coupling. The problem will be rigorously reduced to the study of a dynamical system, extending the map $\bm\ell\to\mathcal R\bm\ell$ in Eq.(\ref{e4.13}). The value of the susceptibility follows from the iterates of the map, as explained below. The computation will be performed numerically; a rigorous computer assisted analysis of the flow appears possible, but we have not attempted it because the results are very stable and clear.
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent We introduce a magnetic field of amplitude $h\in R$ and direction $\bm\omega\in\mathcal S_2$ (in which $\mathcal S_2$ denotes the $2$-sphere) acting on the impurity. As a consequence, the potential $V$ becomes
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
V(\psi,\varphi)=V_0(\psi,\varphi)
|
||||
-h\sum_{j\in\{1,2,3\}} \int dt(\varphi_{\alpha}^+(t)\sigma_{\alpha,\alpha'}^j\varphi_{\alpha'}^-(t))\, \omega_j
|
||||
\label{e5.1}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent The corresponding partition function is denoted by $Z_h:=\left<\,e^{-V_h}\,\right>$ and the free energy of the system by $f_h:=-\beta^{-1}\log Z_h$. The {\it impurity susceptibility} is then defined as
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\chi(h,\beta):= \frac{\partial^2f_h}{\partial h^2}.
|
||||
\label{e5.2}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent The $h$-dependent potential and the constant term, {\it i.e.}\ $-V^{[m]}_h$ and $c^{[m]}_h$, are then defined in the same way as in Eq.(\ref{e4.4}), in terms of which, by Eq.(\ref{e4.5}),
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
f_h=\sum_{m=-N_\beta}^0c^{[m]}_h.
|
||||
\label{e5.3}\end{equation}
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent We compute $c^{[m]}_h$ in the same way as in Sec.\ref{sec4}. Because of the extra term in the potential in Eq.(\ref{e5.1}), the number of running coupling constants increases to nine: indeed we prove by induction that $V^{[m]}_h$ is parametrized by nine real numbers, $\bm\alpha^{[m]}_h=(\alpha_{0,h}^{[m]},\cdots,\alpha_{8,h}^{[m]})\in R^9$:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
-V_h^{[m]} (\psi^{[\le m]},\varphi^{[\le m]})
|
||||
=\sum_{\Delta\in\mathcal Q_m} \sum_{n=0}^8\alpha_{n,h}^{[m]}\sum_{\eta\in\{-,+\}}O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)
|
||||
\label{e5.4}\end{equation}
|
||||
where $O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)$ for $n\in\{0,1,2,3\}$ was defined in Eq.(\ref{e4.6}) and
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{>{\displaystyle}c}
|
||||
O^{[\le m]}_{4,\eta}(\Delta):=\frac12\mathbf A^{[\le m]}_\eta(\Delta)\cdot\bm\omega,\quad
|
||||
O^{[\le m]}_{5,\eta}(\Delta):=\frac12\mathbf B^{[\le m]}_\eta(\Delta)\cdot\bm\omega,\\[0.5cm]
|
||||
O^{[\le m]}_{6,\eta}(\Delta):=\frac12\Big(\mathbf A^{[\le m]}_\eta(\Delta) \cdot\bm\omega\Big)\Big(\mathbf B^{[\le m]}_\eta(\Delta)\cdot\bm\omega\Big)\\[0.5cm]
|
||||
O^{[\le m]}_{7,\eta}(\Delta):= \frac12\Big(\mathbf A^{[\le m]}_\eta(\Delta) \cdot\mathbf A^{[\le m]}_\eta(\Delta)\Big)\Big(\mathbf B^{[\le m]}_\eta(\Delta) \cdot\bm\omega\Big)\\[0.5cm]
|
||||
O^{[\le m]}_{8,\eta}(\Delta):=\frac12\Big(\mathbf B^{[\le m]}_\eta(\Delta) \cdot\mathbf B^{[\le m]}_\eta(\Delta)\Big)\Big(\mathbf A^{[\le m]}_\eta(\Delta) \cdot\bm\omega\Big).
|
||||
\end{array}\label{e5.5}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent We proceed as in Sec.\ref{sec4}. For $m=0$, we write $V_h(\psi,\varphi)$ as in Eq.(\ref{e5.4}) with $\bm\alpha_h=(1,0,0,0,0,h,0,0,0)$. For $m<0$, we rewrite
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\left<\exp{\sum_{\Delta}}\sum_{n,\eta}\alpha_{n,h}^{[m]} O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)\right>_m
|
||||
=\prod_{\Delta}\Big\langle\prod_{\eta=\pm} \sum_{k=0}^4\frac1{k!}\Big({\sum_{n=0}^8} \alpha_{n,h}^{[m]}O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)\Big)^k\Big\rangle_m
|
||||
\label{e5.6}\end{equation}
|
||||
and, using the lemma in App.\ref{appD}, we rewrite
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\sum_{k=0}^4\frac1{k!}\Big({\sum_{n=0}^8} \alpha_{n,h}^{[m]} O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)\Big)^k
|
||||
=1+\sum_{n=0}^8\ell_{n,h}^{[m]} O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)
|
||||
\label{e5.7}\end{equation}
|
||||
where $\ell_{n,h}^{[m]}$ is related to $\alpha_{n,h}^{[m]}$ by Eq.(\ref{eC.2}). Inserting Eq.(\ref{e5.7}) into Eq.(\ref{e5.6}) the average is evaluated, although the computation is even longer than that in Sec.\ref{sec4}, but can be performed easily using a computer (see App.\ref{appH}). The result of the computation is a map $\widetilde{\mathcal R}$ which maps $\ell_{n,h}^{[m]}$ to $\ell_{n,h}^{[m-1]}$, as well as the expression for the constant $C_h^{[m]}$. Their explicit expression is somewhat long, and is deferred to Eq.(\ref{eC.1}).
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent By Eq.(\ref{e4.14}), we rewrite Eq.(\ref{e5.2}) as
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\chi(h,\beta)=\sum_{m=-N_\beta}^02^m\Big(\frac{\partial_h^2 C_h^{[m]}}{C_h^{[m]}}-\frac{(\partial_h C_h^{[m]})^2}{(C_h^{[m]})^2}\Big).
|
||||
\label{e5.8}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent In addition, the derivatives of $C_h^{[m]}$ can be computed exactly using the flow in Eq.(\ref{eC.1}): indeed $\partial_hC_h^{[m]}=\partial_{\bm\ell} C_h^{[m]}\cdot\partial_h\bm\ell_h^{[m]}$ and similarly for $\partial^2_hC_h^{[m]}$, and $\partial_h\bm\ell_h^{[m]}$ can be computed inductively by deriving $\widetilde{\mathcal R}(\bm\ell)$:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\partial_h\bm\ell_h^{[m-1]}= \partial_{\bm\ell}\widetilde{\mathcal R}(\bm\ell_h^{[m]}) \cdot \partial_h\bm\ell_h^{[m]},
|
||||
\label{e5.9}\end{equation}
|
||||
and similarly for $\partial_h^2\bm\ell_h^{[m]}$. Therefore, using Eq.(\ref{eC.1}) and its derivatives, we can inductively compute $\chi(\beta,h)$.
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent By a numerical study which produces results that are stable and clear we find the following results.
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\point If $\lambda_0\equiv \alpha_0<0$ and $\alpha_j=0,\, j>0$, the flow tends to a nontrivial, $\lambda$--independent, fixed point $\bm\ell^*$ (see Fig.\ref{fig1}).
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\hfil\includegraphics[width=250pt]{Figs/beta_plot.pdf}\par\penalty10000
|
||||
\caption{plot of $\frac{\bm\ell}{\bm\ell^*}$ as a function of the iteration step $N_\beta$ for $\lambda_0\equiv\alpha_0=-0.01$. The {\it relevant} coupling $\ell_2$ (curve number 2, in {\color{igreen}green}, color online) reaches its fixed point first, after which the {\it marginal} coupling $\ell_0$ (number 0, {\color{iblue}blue}) tends to its fixed value, closely followed by the irrelevant couplings $\ell_1$ and $\ell_3$ (number 1, both are drawn in {\color{ired}red} since they are almost equal).}
|
||||
\label{fig1}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent We define $n_j(\lambda_0)$ for $j=0,1,2,3$ as the step of the flow at which the right-discrete derivative of $\ell_j/\ell_j^*$ with respect to the step $N_\beta$ is largest. The reason for this definition is that, as $\lambda_0$ tends to $0$, the flow of $\ell_j$ tends to a step function, so that for each component $j$ the scale $n_j$ is a good measure of the number of iterations needed for that component to reach its fixed value. The {\it Kondo temperature} $\beta_K$ is defined as $2^{n_0(\lambda_0)}$, and is the temperature at which the non-trivial fixed point is reached by all components. For small $\lambda_0$, we find that (see Fig.\ref{fig7}), for $j=0,1,3$,
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
n_j(\lambda_0)=c_0|\lambda_0|^{-1}+O(1),\quad c_0\approx0.5
|
||||
\label{e5.10}\end{equation}
|
||||
and (see Fig.\ref{fig8})
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
n_2(\lambda_0)=c_2|\log_2|\lambda_0||+O(1),\quad c_2\approx2.
|
||||
\label{e5.11}\end{equation}
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\point In addition to the previously mentioned fixed point $\bm\ell^*$, there are at least three extra fixed points, located at $\bm\ell_0^*:=(0,0,0,0)$ and $\bm\ell_\pm^*:=(0,0,\pm1/3,0)$ (see Fig.\ref{fig2}).
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\hfil\includegraphics[width=250pt]{Figs/beta_phase.pdf}\par\penalty10000
|
||||
\caption{phase diagram of the flow projected on the $(\ell_0,\ell_2)$ plane, with initial conditions chosen in the plane that contains all four fixed points: $\bm\ell^*$ (which is linearly stable and represented by a yellow circle), $\bm\ell^*_0$ (which has one linearly unstable direction and one quadratically marginal and is represented by a green cross), $\bm\ell_+^*$ (which has one linearly stable direction and one quadratically {marginal} and is represented by a red star), and $\bm\ell_-^*$ (which is linearly stable, and is represented by a yellow circle).}
|
||||
\label{fig2}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent When the running coupling constants are at $\bm\ell^*$, the susceptibility remains finite as $\beta\to\infty$ and positive, whereas when they are at $\bm\ell_+^*$, it grows linearly with $\beta$ (which is why $\bm\ell_+^*$ was called ``trivial'' in the introduction).
|
||||
|
||||
\indent In addition, when $\lambda_0<0$ the flow escapes along the unstable direction towards the neighborhood of $\bm\ell^*_+$, which is reached after $n_2(\lambda_0)$ steps, but since it is marginally unstable for $\lambda_0<0$, it flows away towards $\bm\ell^*$ after $n_K(\lambda_0)$ steps. The susceptibilty is therefore finite for $\lambda_0<0$ (see Fig.\ref{fig3}).
|
||||
|
||||
\indent If $\lambda_0>0$, then the flow approaches $\bm\ell^*_+$ from the $\lambda_0>0$ side, which is marginally stable, so the flow never leaves the vicinity of $\ell_+^*$ and the susceptibility diverges as $\beta\to\infty$.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\hfil\includegraphics[width=250pt]{Figs/susc_plot_temp.pdf}\par\penalty10000
|
||||
\caption{plot of $\chi(\beta,0)$ as a function of $\log_2\beta$ for $\lambda_0=-0.28$.}
|
||||
\label{fig3}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\point We now discuss the flow at $h>0$ and address the question of continuity of the susceptibility in $h$ as $h\to0$. If $\lambda_0 <0$ and $\alpha_5=h\ll\beta_K^{-1}=2^{-n_K(\lambda_0)}$, $\ell_0$ through $\ell_3$ first behave similarly to the $h=0$ case and tend to the same fixed point $\bm\ell^*$ {and stay there until} $\ell_4$ through $\ell_8$ become large enough, after which the flow tends to a fixed point in which $\ell_2=1/3$, $\ell_5=2$ and $\ell_j=0$ for $j\neq2,5$ (see Fig.\ref{fig4}).
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\hfil\includegraphics[width=280pt]{Figs/susc_beta_plot.pdf}\par\penalty10000
|
||||
\caption{plot of $\frac{\bm\ell}{\bm\ell^*}$ as a function of the iteration step $N_\beta$ for $\lambda_0=-0.01$ and $h=2^{-40}$. Here $\ell_0^*$ through $\ell_3^*$ are the components of the non-trivial fixed point $\bm\ell^*$ and $\ell_4^*$ through $\ell_8^*$ are the values reached by $\ell_4$ through $\ell_8$ of largest absolute value. The flow behaves similarly to that at $h=0$ until $\ell_4$ through $\ell_8$ become large, at which point the couplings decay to 0, except for $\ell_5$ and $\ell_2$.}
|
||||
\label{fig4}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Setting the initial conditions for the flow as $\alpha_j=\alpha_j^*$ for $j=0,1,2,3$ and $\alpha_5=h$, we define $ r_j(h)$ for $j=0,1,3$ and $j=4,5,6,7,8$ as the step of the flow at which the discrete derivative of $\ell_j/\ell_j^*$ is respectively smallest (that is most negative) and largest. Thus $ r_j(h)$ measures when the flow leaves $\bm\ell^*$. We find that (see Fig.\ref{fig9}) for small $h$,
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
r_j(h)=c_r\log_2 h^{-1}+O(1),\quad c_r\approx2.6.
|
||||
\label{e5.12}\end{equation}
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Note that the previous picture only holds if $r_j(h)\gg\log_2(\beta_K)$, that is $\beta_Kh\ll1$.
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent The susceptibility at $0<h\ll\beta_K^{-1}$ is continuous in $h$ as $h\to0$ (see Fig.\ref{fig5}). This, combined with the discussion in point (2) above, implies that the hierarchical Kondo model exhibits a Kondo effect.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\hfil\includegraphics[width=250pt]{Figs/susc_plot.pdf}\par\penalty10000
|
||||
\caption{plot of $\chi(\beta,h)$ for $h\le10^{-6}$ at $\lambda_0=-0.28$ and $\beta=2^{20}$ (so that the largest value for $\beta h$ is $\sim1$).}
|
||||
\label{fig5}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\point In [\cite{wilSeFi}, Fig.17, p.836], there is a plot of $\frac{\beta_K}{\chi(\beta,0)}$ as a function of $\frac{\beta_K}\beta$. For the sake of comparison, we have reproduced it for the hierarchical Kondo model (see Fig.\ref{fig6}).
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\hfil\includegraphics[width=250pt]{Figs/susc_wilson.pdf}\par\penalty10000
|
||||
\caption{plot of $\frac{\beta_K}{\chi(\beta,0)}$ as a function of $\frac{\beta_K}{\beta}$ for various values of $\lambda_0$: $\lambda_0=-0.024$ ({\color{iblue}blue}), $\lambda_0=-0.02412$ ({\color{igreen}green}), $\lambda_0=-0.05$ ({\color{ired}red}). In [\cite{wilSeFi}], $\lambda_0=-0.024$ and $-0.02412$. Note that the abscissa of the data points are $2^{-n}$ for $n\ge0$, so that there are only $3$ points in the range $[0.25,1]$. The lines are drawn for visual aid.}
|
||||
\label{fig6}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Similarly to \cite{wilSeFi}, we find that $\frac{\beta_K}\chi$ seems to be affine as it approaches the Kondo temperature, although it is hard to tell for sure because of the scarcity of data points (by its very construction, the hierarchical Kondo model only admits inverse temperatures that are powers of 2 so the portion of Fig.\ref{fig6} that appears to be affine actually only contains three data points). However, we have found that such a diagram depends on $\lambda_0$: indeed, by sampling values of $|\lambda_0|$ down to $10^{-4}$, $\frac{\beta_K}{\chi(\beta,0)}$ has been found to tend to 0 faster than $(\log\beta_K)^{-1.2}$ but slower than $(\log\beta_K)^{-1.3}$. In order to get a more precise estimate on this exponent, one would need to consider $|\lambda_0|$ that are smaller than $10^{-4}$, which would give rise to numerical values larger than $10^{5000}$, and since the numbers used to perform the numerical computations are {\it {\tt x86}-extended precision floating point numbers}, such values are too large.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Concluding remarks} \label{sec6}
|
||||
\point The hierarchical Kondo model defined in Sec.\ref{sec3} is a well defined statistical mechanics model, for which the partition function and correlation functions are unambiguously defined and finite as long as $\beta$ is finite. In addition, since the magnetic susceptibility of the impurity can be rewritten as a correlation function:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\chi(\beta,0)=\int_0^\beta dt\, \left<\,(\varphi^+(0)\bm\sigma\varphi^-(0))(\varphi^+(t)\bm\sigma\varphi^-(t))\,\right>_{h=0},
|
||||
\label{e6.1}\end{equation}
|
||||
$\chi(\beta,0)$ is a thermodynamical quantity of the model.
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\point The qualitative behavior of the renormalization group flow is unchanged if all but the relevant and marginal running coupling constants ({\it i.e.}\ six constants out of nine) of the beta functions of Sec.\ref{sec3},\ref{sec4} are neglected ({\it i.e.}\ set to $0$ at every step of the iteration). In particular, we still find a Kondo effect.
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\point In the hierarchical model defined in Sec.\ref{sec3}, quantities other than the magnetic susceptibility of the impurity can be computed, although all observables must only involve fields localized at $x=0$. For instance, the response to a magnetic field acting on all sites of the fermionic chain as well as the impurity cannot be investigated in this model, since the sites of the chain with $x\neq0$ are not accounted for.
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\subpoint We have attempted to extend the definition of the hierarchical model to take the chain into account, by paving the space-time plane with square boxes (instead of paving the time axis with intervals, see Sec.\ref{sec3}), defining hierarchical fields for each quarter box and postulating a propagator between them by analogy with the non-hierarchical model. The magnetic susceptibility of the impurity is defined as the response to a magnetic field acting on every site of the chain and on the impurity, to which the susceptibility of the non-interacting chain is subtracted. We have found, iterating the flow numerical, that for such a model {\it there is no Kondo effect}, that is the impurity susceptibility diverges as $\beta$ when $\beta\to\infty$.
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\subpoint A second approach has yielded better results, although it is not completely satisfactory. The idea is to incorporate the effect of the magnetic field $h$ acting on the fermionic chain into the propagator of the non-hierarchical model, after which the potential $V$ only depends on the site at $x=0$, so that the hierarchical model can be defined in the same way as in Sec.\ref{sec3} but with {\it an $h$-dependent propagator}. In this model, we have found that {\it there is a Kondo effect}.
|
||||
|
||||
\seqskip
|
||||
{\bf\Large Acknowledgements}\par\penalty10000\medskip\penalty10000
|
||||
\indent We are grateful to V. Mastropietro for suggesting the problem and to A. Giuliani, V. Mastropietro and R. Greenblatt for continued discussions and suggestions, as well as to J. Lebowitz for hospitality and support.
|
||||
\appendix
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Comparison with the original Kondo model} \label{appA}
|
||||
\indent If the partition function for the original Kondo model in presence of a magnetic field $h$ acting only on the imputity site and at finite $L$ is denoted by $Z^0_K(\beta,\lambda_0,h)$ and the partition function for the model Eq.(\ref{e1.1}) with the same field $h$ is denoted by $Z_K(\beta,\lambda_0,h)$, then
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
Z_K(\beta,\lambda_0,h)=Z^0_K(\beta,\lambda_0,h)+Z^0_K(\beta,0,0)
|
||||
\label{eA.1}\end{equation}
|
||||
so that by defining \begin{equation}
|
||||
\kappa\,:=\,1+\frac{Z^0_K(\beta,0,0)}{Z^0_K(\beta,\lambda_0,h)}
|
||||
\label{eA.2}\end{equation}
|
||||
we get
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
m_K(\beta,\lambda_0,h)=&\frac1\kappa{m^0_K(\beta,\lambda_0,h)}, \\[0.3cm]
|
||||
m^0_K(\beta,\lambda_0,h)=&\kappa\, m_K(\beta,\lambda_0,h)\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\chi_K(\beta,\lambda_0,h)=&\frac1\kappa\,{\chi_K^0(\beta,\lambda_0,h)} +\frac{\kappa-1}\kappa\,\beta\,m^0_K(\beta,\lambda_0,h)^2\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\chi_K^0(\beta,\lambda_0,h)=&\kappa\, \chi_K(\beta,\lambda_0,h)-(\kappa-1)\beta m_K(\beta,\lambda_0,h)^2.
|
||||
\end{array}\label{eA.3}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent In addition $1\le\kappa\le2$: indeed the first inequality is trivial and the second follows from the variational principle (see [\cite{rueSN}, theorem 7.4.1, p.188]):
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
\log Z^0_K(\beta,\lambda_0,h)=&\max_\mu(s(\mu)-\mu(H_0+V))\\
|
||||
\ge& s(\mu_0)-\mu_0(H_0)+\mu_0(V)=s(\mu_0)-\mu_0(H_0)\\[0.25cm]
|
||||
=&\log Z^0_K(\beta,0,0)
|
||||
\end{array}\label{eA.4}\end{equation}
|
||||
where $s(\mu)$ is the entropy of the state $\mu$, and in which we used $\mu_0(V)={\rm Tr}\,( e^{-\beta H_0}\,V)/Z_K(\beta,0,0)=0$.
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Therefore, for $\beta h^2\ll1$ (which implies that if there is a Kondo effect then $\beta m_K^2\ll1$), the model Eq.(\ref{e1.1}) exhibits a Kondo effect if and only if the original Kondo model does, therefore, for the purposes of this paper, both models are {\it equivalent}.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Some identities.}\label{appB}
|
||||
\indent In this appendix, we state three relations used to compute the flow equation Eq.(\ref{e4.13}), which follow from a patient algebraic meditation:
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
\left<\,A_1^{j_1}A_2^{j_2}\,\right>=&\delta_{j_1,j_2}\Big(2 +\frac13\mathbf a^2\Big)-2\,a^{j_1,j_2}\delta_{j_1\ne j_2}\, s_{t_2,t_1} \\[0.25cm]
|
||||
\left<\,A^{j_1}_1A^{j_2}_1A^{j_3}_2\,\right>=& 2\,a^{j_3}\,\delta_{j_1,j_2}\\[0.25cm]
|
||||
\left<\,A_1^{j_1}A_1^{j_2}A_2^{j_3}A_2^{j_4}\,\right> =&4\delta_{j_1,j_2}\delta_{j_3,j_4}
|
||||
\end{array}\label{eB.1}\end{equation}
|
||||
where the lower case $\mathbf a$ denotes $\left<\,\mathbf A_1\,\right>\equiv\left<\,\mathbf A_2\,\right>$ and $a^{j_1,j_2}=\left<\,\psi^+_1\sigma^{j_1}\sigma^{j_2}\psi^-_1\,\right> =\left<\,\psi^+_2\sigma^{j_1}\sigma^{j_2}\psi^-_2\,\right>$.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Complete beta function} \label{appC}
|
||||
\indent The beta function for the flow described in Sec.\ref{sec5} is
|
||||
\preblock
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
C^{[m]}=&1+ 2\ell_0^2+(\ell_0+\ell_6)^2 +9\ell_1^2 +9\ell_2^2 +324\ell_3^2 +\frac12\ell_4^2 +\frac12\ell_5^2 +18\ell_7^2\\
|
||||
&\hfill+18\ell_8^2\\
|
||||
\ell_0^{[m-1]}=&\frac1{C}\Big(\ell_0 -2\ell_0\ell_6 +18\ell_0\ell_3 +3 \ell_0\ell_2 +3 \ell_0\ell_1-2\ell_0^2\Big)\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\ell_1^{[m-1]}=&\frac1{C}\Big(\frac12\ell_1 +9\ell_2\ell_3 +\frac32\ell_8^2 +\frac1{12}\ell_6^2 +\frac12\ell_5\ell_7+\frac1{24}\ell_4^2 +\frac16\ell_0\ell_6 +\frac14\ell_0^2\Big)\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\ell_2^{[m-1]}=&\frac1{C}\Big( 2\ell_2+36\ell_1\ell_3 + \ell_0^2 +6\ell_7^2 +\frac13\ell_6^2 +\frac1{6}\ell_5^2 +2\ell_4\ell_8 +\frac23\ell_0\ell_6\Big)\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\ell_3^{[m-1]}=&\frac1{C}\Big( \frac12\ell_3 +\frac14\ell_1\ell_2 +\frac1{24} \ell_0^2 +\frac1{36}\ell_0\ell_6 +\frac1{72}\ell_6^2 +\frac1{12}\ell_5\ell_7 + \frac1{12}\ell_4\ell_8\Big)\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\ell_4^{[m-1]}=&\frac1{C}\Big( \ell_4 +6\ell_6\ell_7 +\ell_5\ell_6 +108\ell_3\ell_8 +18\ell_2\ell_8 +3\ell_1\ell_4 +6\ell_0\ell_7 +\ell_0\ell_5\Big)\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\ell_5^{[m-1]}=&\frac1{C}\Big( 2\ell_5 +12 \ell_6\ell_8 +2\ell_4\ell_6 +216 \ell_3\ell_7
|
||||
+6\ell_2\ell_5 +36\ell_1\ell_7 +12\ell_0\ell_8\\
|
||||
&\hfill+2\ell_0\ell_4\Big)\\
|
||||
\ell_6^{[m-1]}=&\frac1{C}( \ell_6 +18\ell_7\ell_8 +3\ell_5\ell_8 +3\ell_4\ell_7 +\frac12\ell_4\ell_5 +18\ell_3\ell_6 +3\ell_2\ell_6\\
|
||||
&\hfill+3\ell_1\ell_6 +2\ell_0\ell_6\Big)\\
|
||||
\ell_7^{[m-1]}=&\frac1{C}\Big( \frac12\ell_7 +\frac12\ell_6\ell_8 +\frac1{12}\ell_4\ell_6 +\frac32\ell_3\ell_5 +\frac32\ell_2\ell_7 +\frac14\ell_1\ell_5 +\frac12\ell_0\ell_8\\
|
||||
&\hfill+\frac1{12}\ell_0\ell_4\Big)\\
|
||||
\ell_8^{[m-1]}=&\frac1{C}\Big( \ell_8 +\ell_6\ell_7 +\frac1{6}\ell_5\ell_6 +3\ell_3\ell_4 +\frac12\ell_2\ell_4 +3\ell_1\ell_8 +\ell_0\ell_7\\
|
||||
&\hfill+\frac1{6}\ell_0\ell_5\Big)
|
||||
\end{array} \label{eC.1}\end{equation}
|
||||
\preblock
|
||||
in which we dropped the $^{[m]}$ exponent on the right side. By considering the linearized flow equation, we find that $\ell_0,\ell_4,\ell_6,\ell_8$ are {\it marginal}, $\ell_2,\ell_5$ {\it relevant} and $\ell_1,\ell_3,\ell_7$ {\it irrelevant}. The consequent linear flow is {\it very different} from the full flow discussed in Sec.\ref{sec5}.
|
||||
|
||||
\indent The vector $\bm\ell$ is related to $\bm\alpha$ and via the following map:
|
||||
\preblock
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
\ell_0=&\alpha_0,\quad \ell_1=\alpha_1+\frac1{12}\alpha_4^2,\quad \ell_2=\alpha_2+\frac1{12}\alpha_5^2\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\ell_3=&\alpha_3+\frac1{12}\alpha_0^2+\frac1{18}\alpha_0\alpha_6+\frac12\alpha_1\alpha_2 +\frac1{6}\alpha_4\alpha_8 +\frac1{6}\alpha_5\alpha_7+\frac1{36}\alpha_6^2\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
&\hfill+\frac1{36}\alpha_0\alpha_4\alpha_5 +\frac1{24}\alpha_1\alpha_5^2 +\frac1{24}\alpha_2\alpha_4^2 +\frac1{36}\alpha_4\alpha_5\alpha_6 +\frac1{288}\alpha_4^2\alpha_5^2\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\ell_4=&\alpha_4,\quad \ell_5=\alpha_5,\quad \ell_6=\alpha_6+\frac12\alpha_4\alpha_5\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\ell_7=&\alpha_7+\frac1{6}\alpha_0\alpha_4+\frac12\alpha_1\alpha_5+\frac1{6}\alpha_4\alpha_6 +\frac1{24}\alpha_4^2\alpha_5 \\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\ell_8=&\alpha_8+\frac1{6}\alpha_0\alpha_5+\frac12\alpha_2\alpha_4+\frac1{6}\alpha_5\alpha_6 +\frac1{24}\alpha_4\alpha_5^2.
|
||||
\end{array}\label{eC.2}\end{equation}
|
||||
\preblock
|
||||
\section{The algebra of the operators \texorpdfstring{$O_{n,\pm}$}.. } \label{appD}
|
||||
|
||||
\theo{Lemma}
|
||||
Given $\eta\in\{-,+\}$, $m\le0$ and $\Delta\in\mathcal Q_m$, the span of the operators
|
||||
$$\{O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)\}_{n\in\{0,1,2,3\}}$$
|
||||
defined in Eq.(\ref{e4.6}) is an algebra, that is all linear combinations of products of $O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)$'s is itself a linear combination of $O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)$'s. \\
|
||||
\indent The same result holds for the span of the operators
|
||||
$$\{O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)\}_{n\in\{0,\cdots,8\}}$$
|
||||
defined in Eq.(\ref{e5.5}).
|
||||
\endtheo
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent\underline{Proof}: The only non-trivial part of this proof is to show that the product of two $O_{n,\eta}$'s is a linear combination of $O_{n,\eta}$'s.
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Due to the anti-commutation of Grassmann variables, any linear combination of $\psi_{\alpha}^{[\le m]\pm}$ and $\varphi_{\alpha}^{[\le m]\pm}$ squares to 0. Therefore, a straightforward computation shows that $\forall(i,j)\in\{1,2,3\}^2$,
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }l}
|
||||
A^{i}_\eta A^{j}_\eta=&2\delta_{i,j} \psi^{+}_{\uparrow} \psi^{+}_{\downarrow} \psi^{-}_{\uparrow} \psi^{-}_{\downarrow}\\[0.25cm]
|
||||
\indent B^{i}_\eta B^{j}_\eta=&2\delta_{i,j} \varphi^{+}_{\uparrow} \varphi^{+}_{\downarrow} \varphi^{-}_{\uparrow} \varphi^{-}_{\downarrow}
|
||||
\end{array}\label{eD.1}\end{equation}
|
||||
where the labels $^{[\le m]}$ and $(\Delta)$ are dropped to alleviate the notation. In particular, this implies that any product of three $A^{i}_\eta$ for $i\in\{1,2,3\}$ vanishes (because the product of the right side of the first of Eq.(\ref{eD.1}) and any Grassmann field $\psi_{\alpha}^{\pm}$ vanishes) and similarly for the product of three $B^{i}_\eta$.
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Using Eq.(\ref{eD.1}), we prove that $\mathrm{span}\{O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)\}_{n\in\{0,1,2,3\}}$ is an algebra. For all $n\in\{0,1,2,3\}$, $p\in\{1,2,3\}$, $l\in\{1,2\}$,
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
O_{p}^2=0,\quad O_{3}O_{n}=0,\quad O_{l}O_{0}=0,\quad
|
||||
O_{0}^2=\frac16O_{3},\quad O_{1}O_{2}=\frac12O_{3}
|
||||
\label{eD.2}\end{equation}
|
||||
(here the $^{[\le m]}$, $(\Delta)$ and $_\eta$ are dropped). This concludes the proof of the first claim.
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Next we prove that $\mathrm{span}\{O_{n,\eta}^{[\le m]}(\Delta)\}_{n\in\{0,\cdots,8\}}$ is an algebra. In addition to Eq.(\ref{eD.2}), we have, for all $p\in\{0,\cdots,8\}$,
|
||||
\preblock
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{>{\displaystyle}c}
|
||||
O_0O_4=\frac16O_7,\quad O_0O_5=\frac16O_8,\quad O_0O_6=\frac1{18}O_3,\quad O_0O_7=O_0O_8=0,\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
O_1O_5=\frac12O_7,\quad O_1O_4=O_1O_6=O_1O_7=O_1O_8=0,\quad O_2O_4=\frac12O_8, \\
|
||||
O_2O_5=O_2O_6=O_2O_7=O_2O_8=0,\quad
|
||||
O_4^2=\frac16O_1,\quad O_4O_5=\frac12O_6,\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
O_4O_8=\frac16O_3,\quad O_4O_7=0, O_5^2=\frac16O_2,\quad O_5O_7=\frac16O_3,\quad O_5O_8=0,\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
O_6^2=\frac1{18}O_3,\quad O_6O_7=O_6O_8=0,\quad
|
||||
O_7^2=O_8^2=O_7O_8=0,\quad O_3O_p=0.
|
||||
\end{array}\label{eD.3}\end{equation}
|
||||
\preblock
|
||||
|
||||
\indent This concludes the proof of the lemma.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Asymptotic behavior of $n_j(\lambda_0)$ and $r_j(h)$} \label{appE}
|
||||
\indent In this appendix, we show plots to support the claims on the asymptotic behavior of $n_j(\lambda_0)$ (see (\ref{e5.10}), Fig.\ref{fig7} and (\ref{e5.11}), Fig.\ref{fig8}) and $r_j(h)$ (see (\ref{e5.12}), Fig.\ref{fig9}). The plots below have error bars which are due to the fact that $n_j(\lambda_0)$ and $r_j(h)$ are integers, so their value could be off by $\pm1$.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\hfil\includegraphics[width=250pt]{Figs/kondo_temp_peak_max.pdf}\par\penalty10000
|
||||
\caption{plot of $n_j(\lambda_0)|\lambda_0|$ for $j=0$ ({\color{iblue}blue}, color online) and $j=1,3$ ({\color{ired}red}) as a function of $|\log_{10}|\lambda_0||$. This plot confirms (\ref{e5.10}).}
|
||||
\label{fig7}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\hfil\includegraphics[width=250pt]{Figs/kondo_temp_peak_max_relevant.pdf}\par\penalty10000
|
||||
\caption{plot of $n_2(\lambda_0)|\log_2|\lambda_0||^{-1}$ as a function of $|\log_{10}|\lambda_0||$. This plot confirms (\ref{e5.11}).}
|
||||
\label{fig8}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\hfil\includegraphics[width=250pt]{Figs/susc_beta_cutoff.pdf}\par\penalty10000
|
||||
\caption{plot of $r_j(h)|\log_2(h)||$ as a function of $|\log_{2}(h)|$. This plot confirms (\ref{e5.12}).}
|
||||
\label{fig9}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Kondo effect, XY-model, free fermions} \label{appF}
|
||||
\indent In [\cite{abeSeO}], given $\nu\in [1,\ldots,L]$, the Hamiltonian $\mathcal H_h=\mathcal H_0 {-h} \,\sigma_\nu^z$, with
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\mathcal H_0={- \frac 14} \sum_{n=1}^L (\sigma^x_n\sigma^x_{n+1}+\sigma^y_n\sigma^y_{n+1}).
|
||||
\label{eF.1}\end{equation}
|
||||
has been considered with suitable boundary conditions, under which $H_0$ and ${\sigma^z_0} +1$ are unitarily equivalent to $\sum_{q}{(-\cos q)} \, a^+_qa^-_q$ and, respectively, to {$\frac2L \sum_{q,q'} a^+_q a^-_{q'} e^{i\nu(q-q')}$} in which $a^\pm_q$ are fermionic creation and annihilation operators and the sums run over $q$'s that are such that $e^{iq L}=-1$. It has been shown (see [\cite{abeSeO}, Eq.(3.18)] which, after integration by parts is equivalent to what follows; since the scope of [\cite{abeSeO}] was somewhat different we give here a complete self-contained account of the derivation of Eq.(\ref{eF.2}) and the following ones, see App.\ref{appG}), that, by defining
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
F_L(\zeta)=&1+\frac{2 h}{L} \sum_q \frac1{\zeta+\cos q}\\
|
||||
\indent F(z)=& \lim_{L\to\infty} F_L(z)=1+\frac{2\,h}{\pi}\,\int_0^\pi \frac{dq}{(z+\cos q)}
|
||||
\end{array}\label{eF.2}\end{equation}
|
||||
the partition function is equal to $Z_L^0\zeta_L$ in which $Z_L^0$ is the partition function at $h=0$ and is {\it extensive} ({\it i.e.}\ of $O(e^{const L})$) and {(see App.\ref{appG}, (\ref{eG.14}))}
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\log {\zeta_L (\beta,h)}=-\beta h
|
||||
+\frac1{2\pi i}\oint_C \log (1+{e^{-\beta z}} ) \Big[\frac{\partial_zF_L(z)}{F_L(z)} \Big]\,dz
|
||||
\label{eF.3}\end{equation}
|
||||
where the contour $C$ is a closed curve which contains the zeros of $F_L(\zeta)$ ({\it e.g.}\ {for $L\to\infty$,} a curve around the real interval $[-1,\sqrt{1+4h^2}]$ if {$h<0$} and $[-\sqrt{1+4h^2},1]$ if {$h>0$}) but not around those of {$1+e^{-\beta\zeta}$} (which are on the imaginary axis and away from $0$ by at least $\frac\pi\beta$). In addition, it follows from a straightforward computation that $(F(z)-1)/h$ is equal to the analytical continuation of {$2 (z^2-1)^{-\frac12}$} from $(1,\infty)$ to $C\setminus[-1,1]$.
|
||||
|
||||
\indent At fixed $\beta<\infty$ the partition function $\zeta_L(\beta,h)$ has a non extensive limit $\zeta(\beta,h)$ as $L\to\infty$; the $\zeta(\beta,h)$ and the susceptibility and magnetization values $m(\beta,h)$ and $\chi(\beta,h)$, are given {\it in the thermodynamic limit} by
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
\log \zeta(\beta,h)=&-\beta h {+\frac\beta{2\pi i}} \oint_C\frac{dz}{1+{e^{\beta z}}} \log(1 {+} \frac{2h}{(z^2-1)^{\frac12}})\\
|
||||
m(\beta,h)=&-1+\frac1{\pi i}\oint_C \frac1{1+{e^{\beta z}}} \frac{dz}{(z^2-1)^{\frac12}{+2h} }\\
|
||||
\chi(\beta,h)=&-\frac{2}{\pi i}\oint_C \frac1{1+{e^{\beta z}}} \frac{dz}{((z^2-1)^{\frac12}{+2h})^2}
|
||||
\end{array}\label{eF.4}\end{equation}
|
||||
so that $\chi(\beta,0)=\frac{2\sinh(\beta)}{(1+\cosh(\beta))}$ and, in the $\beta\to\infty$ limit,
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
m(\infty,h)= \frac{2h}{\sqrt{1+4h^2}} ,\quad \chi(\infty,h)=\frac2{(1+4h^2)^{3/2}}
|
||||
\label{eF.5}\end{equation}
|
||||
both of which are finite. Adding an impurity at $0$, with spin operators $\bm\tau_0$, the Hamiltonian
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
H_\lambda=H_0{- h}(\sigma^z_0+\tau^z_0) {- \lambda}\sigma^z_0\tau^z_0
|
||||
\label{eF.6}\end{equation}
|
||||
is obtained. Does it exhibit a Kondo effect?
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Since $\bm\tau_0$ commutes with the $\bm\sigma_n$ and, hence, with $H_0$, the average magnetization and susceptibility, $m^{int}(\beta,h,\lambda)$ and $\chi^{int}(\beta,h,\lambda)$, responding to a field $h$ acting only on the site $0$, can be expressed in terms of the functions $\zeta(\beta,h)$ and its derivatives $\zeta'(\beta,h)$ and $\zeta''(\beta,h)$. By using the fact that $\zeta(\beta,h)$ and $\zeta''(\beta,h)$ are even in $h$, while $\zeta'(\beta,h)$ is odd, we get:
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
\chi^{int}(\beta,h)&=\beta^{-1}\partial^2_h\log{\rm Tr}\,\sum_{\tau=\pm1} \Big(e^{-\beta H_0+\beta\lambda\sigma^z\tau+\beta h(\sigma^z+\tau)}\Big)\Big|_{h=0}\\
|
||||
&:=\beta^{-1}\partial^2_h\log Z^{int}(\beta,h,\lambda)\Big|_{h=0}\\
|
||||
&=\beta^{-1}\left.\Big( \sum_\tau\frac{\zeta''+\zeta' \beta \tau +(\zeta'+\beta\tau\zeta)\beta\tau}{Z^{int}} -\Big(\sum_\tau\frac{(\zeta'+\beta\tau\zeta)}{Z^{int}}\Big)^2\Big)\right|_{h=0}\\
|
||||
&=\chi(\beta,|\lambda|)+\beta(m(\beta,|\lambda|)+1)^2\mathop{\longrightarrow}_{\beta\to\infty}+\infty
|
||||
\end{array}\label{eF.7}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Since $\chi^{int}(\beta,0)$ is even in $\lambda$, it diverges for $\beta\to\infty$ independently of the sign of $\lambda$, while $\chi(\beta,0)$ is finite. Hence, the model yields Pauli's paramagnetism, without a Kondo effect.
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{\bf Remarks:}\listparpenalty
|
||||
\begin{enumerate}[\ \ (1)\ \ ]
|
||||
\item Finally an analysis essentially identical to the above can be performed to study the model in (\ref{e1.1}) {\it without impurity} (and with or without spin) to check that the magnetic susceptibility to a field $h$ acting only at a single site is finite: the result is the same as that of the XY model above: the single site susceptibility is finite and, up to a factor $2$, given by the same formula $\chi(\beta,0)=\frac{4\sinh \beta}{1+\cosh\beta}$.
|
||||
\item The latter result makes clear both the essential roles for the Kondo effect of the spin and of the noncommutativity of the impurity spin components.
|
||||
\end{enumerate}\unlistparpenalty
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Some details on App.\expandonce\appF} \label{appG}
|
||||
\indent The definition of $H_h$ has to be supplemented by a boundary condition to give a meaning to $\bm\sigma_{L+1}$. If $\sigma^\pm_n=(\sigma^x\pm i\sigma^y_n)/2$ define $\mathcal N_{<n}$ as $\sum_{i<n}\sigma^+_i\sigma^-_i=\sum_{i<n}\mathcal N_i$ and $\mathcal N=\mathcal N_{\le L}$. Then set as boundary condition
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\sigma_{L+1}^\pm:= -(-1)^\mathcal N\sigma^\pm_{1}
|
||||
\label{eG.1}\end{equation}
|
||||
(parity-antiperiodic b.c.) so that $H_h$ becomes
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
H_h=&-h (2\sigma^+_\nu\sigma^-_\nu - 1)\\
|
||||
& - \frac12 \sum_{n=1}^{L-1} (\sigma^+_n(-1)^{\mathcal N_n}\sigma^-_{n+1}+ \sigma^-_n(-1)^{\mathcal N_n}\sigma^+_{n+1}) \\
|
||||
& -\frac12 (\,\sigma^+_L(-1)^{\mathcal N_L}(-\sigma^-_{1}) +\sigma^-_L(-1)^{\mathcal N_L}(-\sigma^+_{1})\,).
|
||||
\end{array}\label{eG.2}\end{equation}
|
||||
Introducing the Pauli-Jordan transformation
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
a^\pm_n=(-1)^{\mathcal N_{<n}}\sigma^\pm_n,\qquad a^\pm_{L+1}=-a^\pm_1.
|
||||
\label{eG.3}\end{equation}
|
||||
In these variables
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
H_h=-h(2 a^+_\nu a^-_\nu-1) -\frac12 \sum_{n=1}^{L-1} (a^+_na^-_{n+1}- a^-_n a^+_{n+1}).
|
||||
\label{eG.4}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Assume $L=$even and let $I:=\{q| q= \pm\frac{(2n+1)\pi}L, \, n=0,1,\ldots,\frac{L}2 -1\}$; then
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
H_h=&\sum_q {(-\cos q)} \,A^+_qA^-_q -\frac{h}L\sum_{q,q'} (2A^+_qA^-_{q'} e^{i(q-q')\nu} -1)\\
|
||||
\indent A^\pm_q:=&\frac1{\sqrt L}\sum_{n=1}^L e^{\pm i n q} a^\pm _n,\qquad e^{iL q}=-1, \quad q\in I
|
||||
\end{array}\label{eG.5}\end{equation}
|
||||
in diagonal form let $U_{jq}$ be a suitable unitary matrix such that
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
H_h=\sum_j\lambda_j\alpha^+_j\alpha^-_j,\qquad{\rm if}\ \alpha^+_j= \sum_q U_{jq} a^+_q
|
||||
\label{eG.6}\end{equation}
|
||||
then $\lambda_j$ must satisfy
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{largearray}
|
||||
\Big(- \sum_q \cos q A^+_q A^-_q
|
||||
-\frac{2h}L\sum_{q,q'} A^+_q A^-_{q'}e^{i(q-q')\nu}\Big) \sum_{q''} U_{jq''} A^+_{q''}\left|0\right>\\
|
||||
\hfill=\lambda_j \sum_{q''} U_{jq''} A^+_{q''}\left|0\right>
|
||||
\end{largearray}\label{eG.7}\end{equation}
|
||||
hence
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
(\lambda_j+\cos q)U_{jq}e^{-iq\nu}= -\frac{2h}L\sum_{q''} e^{-iq''\nu} U_{jq''}
|
||||
\label{eG.8}\end{equation}
|
||||
$\forall q\in I$, where we used the fact that $A^-_p A^+_q \left|0\right> =\delta_{p,q}\left|0\right>$. Therefore either $\lambda_j\ne -\cos q$ for all $q\in I$ or $\lambda=-\cos q_0$ for some $q_0\in I$.
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent In the first case:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
U_{jq}=\frac{e^{iq\nu}}{N(\lambda_j)}\frac1{\lambda_j+\cos q}
|
||||
\label{eG.9}\end{equation}
|
||||
provided
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
F_L(\lambda_j):= 1+\frac{2h}L\sum_q\frac1{\lambda_j+\cos q}=0
|
||||
\label{eG.10}\end{equation}
|
||||
or, in the second case,
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\lambda_j=-\cos q_0,\quad U_{jq}=\frac{e^{iq\nu}}{\sqrt2}(\delta_{q,q_0}-\delta_{q,-q_0})
|
||||
\label{eG.11}\end{equation}
|
||||
so that $\sum_{q''} e^{-iq''\nu}U_{jq''}=0$.
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent Since $-\cos q$ takes $\frac12L$ values and { the equation $F_L(\lambda)=0$ has $\frac L2$ values,} the spectrum of $H_h$ is completely determined and given by the $2^L$ eigenvalues
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\lambda({\bf n})=\sum_j n_j \lambda_j,\qquad \mathbf n=(n_1,\ldots,n_L), \ n_j=0,1
|
||||
\label{eG.12}\end{equation}
|
||||
and the partition function is
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
\log Z_L(\beta,h)=&\sum_{q>0} \log(1+ e^{\beta \cos q}) +\sum_{j} \log(1+{ e^{-\beta \lambda_j}} )\\
|
||||
=& \frac12\log Z^0_L(\beta)+\sum_{j\in I} \log (1+{ e^{-\beta \lambda_j}}).
|
||||
\end{array}\label{eG.13}\end{equation}
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
|
||||
\indent On the other hand, since the function $F'_L(z)/F_L(z)$ has $L/2$ poles with residue $+1$ (those corresponding to the zeros of $F_L(z)$) and $L/2$ poles with residue $-1$ (those corresponding to the poles of $F_L(z)$), the contour integral in the r.h.s. of Eq.(\ref{eF.3}) is equal to
|
||||
\begin{equation}\begin{array}{>{\displaystyle}r@{\ }>{\displaystyle}l}
|
||||
\sum_j \log(1+e^{-\beta\lambda_j}) - \sum_{q>0} \log(1+e^{\beta\cos q})=&\sum_j \log(1+e^{-\beta\lambda_j}) - \frac12\log Z^0_L(\beta)\\
|
||||
=& \log Z_L(\beta,h) -\log Z^0_L(\beta).
|
||||
\end{array}\label{eG.14}\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{{\tt meankondo}: a computer program to compute flow equations} \label{appH}
|
||||
|
||||
\indent The computation of the flow equation Eq.(\ref{eC.1}) is quite long, but elementary, which makes it ideally suited for a computer. We therefore attach a program, called {\tt meankondo} and written by I.Jauslin, used to carry it out (the computation has been checked independently by the other authors). One interesting feature of {\tt meankondo} is that it has been designed in a {\it model-agnostic} way, that is, unlike its name might indicate, it is not specific to the Kondo model and can be used to compute and manipulate flow equations for a wide variety of fermionic hierarchical models. It may therefore be useful to anyone studying such models, so we have thoroughly documented its features and released the source code under an Apache~2.0 license. See \url{http://ian.jauslin.org/software/meankondo} for details.
|
||||
|
||||
\vfill
|
||||
\pagebreak
|
||||
\references
|
||||
\small
|
||||
\BBlography
|
||||
|
||||
\end{document}
|
||||
BIN
Figs/beta_phase.pdf
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Figs/beta_phase.pdf
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Figs/beta_plot.pdf
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Figs/beta_plot.pdf
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Figs/kondo_temp_peak_max.pdf
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Figs/kondo_temp_peak_max.pdf
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Figs/kondo_temp_peak_max_relevant.pdf
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Figs/kondo_temp_peak_max_relevant.pdf
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BIN
Figs/susc_beta_cutoff.pdf
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Figs/susc_beta_cutoff.pdf
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BIN
Figs/susc_beta_plot.pdf
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Figs/susc_beta_plot.pdf
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BIN
Figs/susc_plot.pdf
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Figs/susc_plot.pdf
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BIN
Figs/susc_plot_temp.pdf
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Figs/susc_plot_temp.pdf
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Figs/susc_wilson.pdf
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BIN
Figs/susc_wilson.pdf
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52
README
Normal file
52
README
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
|
||||
* Typeset
|
||||
|
||||
In order to typeset the LaTeX document, run
|
||||
pdflatex Benfatto_Gallavotti_Jauslin_2015.tex
|
||||
pdflatex Benfatto_Gallavotti_Jauslin_2015.tex
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* Files
|
||||
|
||||
Benfatto_Gallavotti_Jauslin_2015.tex :
|
||||
body of the paper.
|
||||
|
||||
bibliography.BBlog.tex :
|
||||
list of references.
|
||||
|
||||
bibliography.sty :
|
||||
bibliography related commands.
|
||||
|
||||
Figs :
|
||||
figures.
|
||||
|
||||
header.sty :
|
||||
list of packages.
|
||||
|
||||
iansecs.sty :
|
||||
main style file.
|
||||
|
||||
kiss.cls :
|
||||
barebones class file
|
||||
|
||||
toolbox.sty :
|
||||
collection of useful commands.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* Coding style
|
||||
|
||||
In the body of the paper, an effort has been made to keep the LaTeX code
|
||||
'standard', avoiding self-defined commands whenever possible, and sticking to
|
||||
TeX and basic LaTeX commands. In some instances however, such an approach would
|
||||
have been too restrictive, and commands defined in the style files listed above
|
||||
were used.
|
||||
|
||||
Many of the commands defined in 'iansecs.sty' are drop-in replacements for
|
||||
standard LaTeX commands, though some functionality may be lost.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* Bibliography
|
||||
|
||||
The bibliography was generated by BBlog, which produced the
|
||||
bibliography.BBlog.tex file. All of the required code to adequately typeset
|
||||
the reference list and define the commands used to cite them are contained in
|
||||
that file.
|
||||
76
bibliography.BBlog.tex
Normal file
76
bibliography.BBlog.tex
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
|
||||
\outdef{citeabeSeO}{ABe71}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{abeSeO}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{D.~Abraham, E.~Barouch, G.~Gallavotti, A.~Martin-L\"of - {\it Dynamics of a local perturbation in the XY model - I.~Approach to equilibrium}, Studies in Applied Mathematics, Vol.~50, p.~121-131, 1971.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citeandSeZ}{And70}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{andSeZ}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{P.~Anderson - {\it A poor man's derivation of scaling laws for the Kondo problem}, Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, Vol.~3, p.~2436, 1970.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citeandSO}{And61}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{andSO}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{P.~Anderson - {\it Localized magnetic states in metals}, Physical Review, Vol.~124, n.~1, p.~41-53, 1961.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citeayhSeZ}{AYH70}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{ayhSeZ}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{P.~Anderson, G.~Yuval, D.~Hamann - {\it Exact results in the Kondo problem - II. Scaling theory, qualitatively correct solution, and some new results on one-dimensional classical statistical mechanics}, Physical Review B, Vol.~1, n.~11, p.~4464-4473, 1970.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citeaySN}{AY69}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{aySN}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{P.~Anderson, G.~Yuval - {\it Exact results in the Kondo problem: equivalence to a classical one-dimensional Coulomb gas}, Physical Review Letters, Vol.~23, n.~2, p.~89-92, 1969.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citeandEZ}{And80}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{andEZ}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{N.~Andrei - {\it Diagonalization of the Kondo Hamiltonian}, Physical Review Letters, Vol.~45, n.~5, 1980.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citebgNZ}{BG90}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{bgNZ}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{G.~Benfatto, G.~Gallavotti - {\it Perturbation theory of the Fermi surface in a quantum Liquid - a general quasiparticle formalism and one-dimensional systems}, Journal of Statistical Physics, Vol.~59, n.~2-3, p.~541-664, 1990.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citebgeNF}{BGe90}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{bgeNF}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{G.~Benfatto, G.~Gallavotti, A.~Procacci, B.~Scoppola - {\it Beta function and Schwinger functions for a many Fermions system in one dimension - Anomaly of the Fermi surface}, Communications in Mathematical Physics, Vol.~160, p.~93-171, 1994.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citedorNO}{Dor91}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{dorNO}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{T.~Dorlas - {\it Renormalization group analysis of a simple hierarchical fermion model}, Communications in Mathematical Physics, Vol.~136, p.~169-194, 1991.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citedysSN}{Dys69}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{dysSN}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{F.~Dyson - {\it Existence of a phase-transition in a one-dimensional Ising ferromagnet}, Communications in Mathematical Physics, Vol.~12, p.~91-107, 1969.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citekitSeS}{Kit76}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{kitSeS}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{C.~Kittel - {\it Introduction to solid state physics}, Wiley\&Sons, 1976.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citekonSF}{Kon64}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{konSF}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{J.~Kondo - {\it Resistance minimum in dilute magnetic alloys}, Progress of Theoretical Physics, Vol.~32, n.~1, 1964.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citekonZFi}{Kon05}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{konZFi}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{J.~Kondo - {\it Sticking to my bush}, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, Vol.~74, n.~1, p.~1-3, 2005.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citenozSeF}{Noz74}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{nozSeF}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{P.~Nozi\`eres - {\it A ``Fermi-liquid'' description of the Kondo problem at low temperatures}, Journal of Low Temperature Physics, Vol.~17, n.~1-2, p.~31-42, 1974.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citerueSN}{Rue69}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{rueSN}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{D.~Ruelle - {\it Statistical mechanics: rigorous results}, Imperial College Press, World Scientific, first edition: Benjamin, 1969, 1999.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citeshaNF}{Sha94}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{shaNF}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{R.~Shankar - {\it Renormalization group approach to interacting fermions}, Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol.~66, n.~1, p.~129-192, 1994.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citewilSeFi}{Wil75}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{wilSeFi}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{K.~Wilson - {\it The renormalization group: Critical phenomena and the Kondo problem}, Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol.~47, n.~4, 1975.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citewilSFi}{Wil65}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{wilSFi}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{K.~Wilson - {\it Model Hamiltonians for local quantum field theory}, Physical Review, Vol.~140, n.~2B, p.~445-457, 1965.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
\outdef{citewilSeZ}{Wil70}
|
||||
\hbox{\parbox[t]{\rw}{[\cite{wilSeZ}]}\parbox[t]{\colw}{K.~Wilson - {\it Model of coupling-constant renormalization}, Physical Review D, Vol.~2, n.~8, p.~1438-1472, 1970.}}\par
|
||||
\bigskip
|
||||
|
||||
44
bibliography.sty
Normal file
44
bibliography.sty
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
||||
%%
|
||||
%% bibliography related commands
|
||||
%%
|
||||
|
||||
%% length used to display the bibliography
|
||||
\newlength{\rw}
|
||||
\setlength{\rw}{1.5cm}
|
||||
|
||||
%% read header
|
||||
\IfFileExists{header.BBlog.tex}{\input{header.BBlog}}{}
|
||||
|
||||
%% cite a reference
|
||||
\def\cite#1{%
|
||||
%% check whether the reference exists
|
||||
\ifcsname cite#1\endcsname%
|
||||
\csname cite#1\endcsname%
|
||||
\else%
|
||||
{\bf??}%
|
||||
\fi%
|
||||
%
|
||||
%% add entry to citelist after checking it has not already been added
|
||||
\ifcsname if#1cited\endcsname%
|
||||
\expandafter\if\csname if#1cited\endcsname%
|
||||
\else%
|
||||
\csname if#1citedtrue\endcsname%
|
||||
\immediate\write\@auxout{\noexpand\BBlogcite{#1}}%
|
||||
\fi%
|
||||
\else%
|
||||
\expandafter\newif\csname if#1cited\endcsname%
|
||||
\csname if#1citedtrue\endcsname%
|
||||
\immediate\write\@auxout{\noexpand\BBlogcite{#1}}%
|
||||
\fi%
|
||||
}
|
||||
%% an empty definition for the aux file
|
||||
\def\BBlogcite#1{}
|
||||
|
||||
%% display the bibliography
|
||||
\long\def\BBlography{
|
||||
\newlength{\colw}
|
||||
\setlength{\colw}{\textwidth}
|
||||
\addtolength{\colw}{-\rw}
|
||||
\IfFileExists{bibliography.BBlog.tex}{
|
||||
\input{bibliography.BBlog}}{{\tt error: missing BBlog bibliography file}}
|
||||
}
|
||||
13
header.sty
Normal file
13
header.sty
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
|
||||
%%
|
||||
%% Load packages
|
||||
%%
|
||||
|
||||
\usepackage{color}
|
||||
\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}
|
||||
\usepackage{graphicx}
|
||||
\usepackage{amsfonts}
|
||||
\usepackage{bm}
|
||||
\usepackage{array}
|
||||
\usepackage{enumerate}
|
||||
\usepackage{etoolbox}
|
||||
|
||||
322
iansecs.sty
Normal file
322
iansecs.sty
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
|
||||
%%
|
||||
%% This file contains the main style commands
|
||||
%%
|
||||
%% Some options can be set by changing the \loaddefaults command
|
||||
%%
|
||||
|
||||
\usepackage{color}
|
||||
\usepackage{marginnote}
|
||||
|
||||
\def\loaddefaults{
|
||||
\sectionstrue
|
||||
\subseqcountfalse
|
||||
\def\seqskip{\vskip1.5cm}
|
||||
\def\subseqskip{\vskip1cm}
|
||||
\resetpointattheofalse
|
||||
\parindent=0pt
|
||||
\def\indent{\hskip20pt}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
% false if there are no sections
|
||||
\newif\ifsections
|
||||
% true if equation numbers should include the subsection number
|
||||
\newif\ifsubseqcount
|
||||
% true if there is a table of contents
|
||||
\newif\iftoc
|
||||
% true if point counting should reset at each theorem
|
||||
\newif\ifresetpointattheo
|
||||
|
||||
% a prefix to put before the section number, e.g. A for appendices
|
||||
\def\sectionprefix{}
|
||||
|
||||
\loaddefaults
|
||||
|
||||
%% style for the equation number
|
||||
\def\eqnumstyle{}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
%% define a command and write it to aux file
|
||||
\def\outdef#1#2{%
|
||||
% define command
|
||||
\expandafter\xdef\csname #1\endcsname{\noexpand\hyperlink{page.\the\count0}{#2}}%
|
||||
% write command to aux
|
||||
\immediate\write\@auxout{\noexpand\expandafter\noexpand\gdef\noexpand\csname #1\endcsname{\noexpand\hyperlink{page.\thepage}{#2}}}%
|
||||
% define ref with no link
|
||||
\expandafter\xdef\csname #1@nol\endcsname{#2}%
|
||||
% write command to aux
|
||||
\immediate\write\@auxout{\noexpand\expandafter\noexpand\gdef\noexpand\csname #1@nol\endcsname{#2}}%
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
%% define a label for the latest tag
|
||||
%% label defines a command containing the string stored in \tag
|
||||
\AtBeginDocument{
|
||||
\def\label#1{\expandafter\outdef{#1}{\safe\tag}}
|
||||
\def\ref#1{\expandafter\safe\csname #1\endcsname}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
%% counters
|
||||
\newcounter{sectioncount}
|
||||
\newcounter{subsectioncount}
|
||||
\newcounter{pointcount}
|
||||
\newcounter{subpointcount}
|
||||
\newcounter{subsubpointcount}
|
||||
\newcounter{seqcount}
|
||||
\newcounter{figcount}
|
||||
\newcounter{Theocount}
|
||||
\newcounter{tocsectioncount}
|
||||
\newcounter{tocsubsectioncount}
|
||||
|
||||
%% section command
|
||||
\newlength\secnumwidth
|
||||
\newlength\sectitlewidth
|
||||
\def\section#1{%
|
||||
% reset counters
|
||||
\refstepcounter{sectioncount}%
|
||||
\setcounter{subsectioncount}{0}%
|
||||
\setcounter{pointcount}{0}%
|
||||
\setcounter{subpointcount}{0}%
|
||||
\setcounter{subsubpointcount}{0}%
|
||||
\setcounter{figcount}{0}%
|
||||
\setcounter{Theocount}{0}%
|
||||
\setcounter{seqcount}{0}%
|
||||
% space before section (if not first)
|
||||
\ifnum\thesectioncount>1%
|
||||
\seqskip%
|
||||
\fi%
|
||||
% get widths
|
||||
\def\@secnum{{\bf\Large\sectionprefix\thesectioncount.\hskip10pt}}%
|
||||
\settowidth\secnumwidth{\@secnum}%
|
||||
\setlength\sectitlewidth\textwidth%
|
||||
\addtolength\sectitlewidth{-\secnumwidth}%
|
||||
% print name
|
||||
\parbox{\textwidth}{%
|
||||
\@secnum%
|
||||
\parbox[t]{\sectitlewidth}{\Large\bf #1}%
|
||||
\par\penalty10000%
|
||||
\bigskip}\par\penalty10000%
|
||||
% define tag (for \label)
|
||||
\xdef\tag{\sectionprefix\thesectioncount}%
|
||||
% write to table of contents
|
||||
\iftoc%
|
||||
\write\tocoutput{\noexpand\tocsection{#1}{\thepage}}%
|
||||
\fi%
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
%% subsection
|
||||
\def\subsection#1{
|
||||
% counters
|
||||
\refstepcounter{subsectioncount}%
|
||||
\setcounter{pointcount}{0}%
|
||||
\setcounter{subpointcount}{0}%
|
||||
\setcounter{subsubpointcount}{0}%
|
||||
\ifsubseqcount%
|
||||
\setcounter{seqcount}0%
|
||||
\fi%
|
||||
% space before subsection (if not first)
|
||||
\ifnum\thesubsectioncount>1%
|
||||
\subseqskip%
|
||||
\fi%
|
||||
% get widths
|
||||
\def\@secnum{{\bf\large\hskip.5cm\sectionprefix\thesectioncount.\thesubsectioncount.\hskip5pt}}%
|
||||
\settowidth\secnumwidth{\@secnum}%
|
||||
\setlength\sectitlewidth\textwidth%
|
||||
\addtolength\sectitlewidth{-\secnumwidth}%
|
||||
% print name
|
||||
\parbox{\textwidth}{%
|
||||
\@secnum%
|
||||
\parbox[t]{\sectitlewidth}{\large\bf #1}%
|
||||
\par\penalty10000%
|
||||
\medskip}\par\penalty10000%
|
||||
% define tag (for \label)
|
||||
\xdef\tag{\sectionprefix\thesectioncount.\thesubsectioncount}%
|
||||
% write to table of contents
|
||||
\iftoc%
|
||||
\write\tocoutput{\noexpand\tocsubsection{#1}{\the\count0}}%
|
||||
\fi%
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
%% points
|
||||
\def\point{
|
||||
\refstepcounter{pointcount}
|
||||
\setcounter{subpointcount}{0}
|
||||
\indent{\bf \thepointcount\ - }
|
||||
% define tag (for \label)
|
||||
\xdef\tag{\thepointcount}
|
||||
}
|
||||
\def\subpoint{
|
||||
\refstepcounter{subpointcount}
|
||||
\setcounter{subsubpointcount}0
|
||||
\indent\hskip.5cm{\bf \thepointcount-\thesubpointcount\ - }
|
||||
% define tag (for \label)
|
||||
\xdef\tag{\thepointcount-\thesubpointcount}
|
||||
}
|
||||
\def\subsubpoint{
|
||||
\refstepcounter{subsubpointcount}
|
||||
\indent\hskip1cm{\bf \thepointcount-\thesubpointcount-\thesubsubpointcount\ - }
|
||||
% define tag (for \label)
|
||||
\xdef\tag{\thepointcount-\thesubpointcount-\thesubsubpointcount}
|
||||
}
|
||||
% reset points
|
||||
\def\resetpointcounter{
|
||||
\setcounter{pointcount}{0}
|
||||
\setcounter{subpointcount}{0}
|
||||
\setcounter{subsubpointcount}{0}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
%% equation numbering
|
||||
\def\seqcount{
|
||||
\refstepcounter{seqcount}
|
||||
% the output
|
||||
\edef\seqformat{\theseqcount}
|
||||
% add subsection number
|
||||
\ifsubseqcount
|
||||
\let\tmp\seqformat
|
||||
\edef\seqformat{\thesubsectioncount.\tmp}
|
||||
\fi
|
||||
% add section number
|
||||
\ifsections
|
||||
\let\tmp\seqformat
|
||||
\edef\seqformat{\sectionprefix\thesectioncount.\tmp}
|
||||
\fi
|
||||
% define tag (for \label)
|
||||
\xdef\tag{\seqformat}
|
||||
% write number
|
||||
\marginnote{\eqnumstyle\hfill(\seqformat)}
|
||||
}
|
||||
%% equation environment compatibility
|
||||
\def\equation{$$\seqcount}
|
||||
\def\endequation{$$\@ignoretrue}
|
||||
|
||||
%% figures
|
||||
\newlength\figwidth
|
||||
\setlength\figwidth\textwidth
|
||||
\addtolength\figwidth{-2.5cm}
|
||||
|
||||
\def\figcount#1{%
|
||||
\refstepcounter{figcount}%
|
||||
% the number of the figure
|
||||
\edef\figformat{\thefigcount}%
|
||||
% add section number
|
||||
\ifsections%
|
||||
\let\tmp\figformat%
|
||||
\edef\figformat{\sectionprefix\thesectioncount.\tmp}%
|
||||
\fi%
|
||||
% define tag (for \label)
|
||||
\xdef\tag{\figformat}%
|
||||
% write
|
||||
\hfil fig \figformat: \parbox[t]{\figwidth}{\small#1}%
|
||||
\par\bigskip%
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
%% environment
|
||||
\def\figure{
|
||||
\vfill\hbox{}
|
||||
}
|
||||
\def\endfigure{
|
||||
\vfill\hbox{}
|
||||
}
|
||||
\let\caption\figcount
|
||||
|
||||
%% delimiters
|
||||
\def\delimtitle#1{\par \leavevmode\raise.3em\hbox to\hsize{\lower0.3em\hbox{\vrule height0.3em}\hrulefill\ \lower.3em\hbox{#1}\ \hrulefill\lower0.3em\hbox{\vrule height0.3em}}\par\penalty10000}
|
||||
\def\delim{\par\leavevmode\raise.3em\hbox to\hsize{\vrule height0.3em\hrulefill\vrule height0.3em}\par\penalty10000}
|
||||
\def\enddelim{\par\penalty10000\leavevmode\raise.3em\hbox to\hsize{\vrule height0.3em\hrulefill\vrule height0.3em}\par}
|
||||
|
||||
%% theorem headers
|
||||
\def\theo#1{
|
||||
\refstepcounter{Theocount}
|
||||
% reset points
|
||||
\ifresetpointattheo\resetpointcounter\fi
|
||||
% the number
|
||||
\def\formattheo{\theTheocount}
|
||||
% add section number
|
||||
\ifsections
|
||||
\let\tmp\formattheo
|
||||
\edef\formattheo{\sectionprefix\thesectioncount.\tmp}
|
||||
\fi
|
||||
% define tag (for \label)
|
||||
\xdef\tag{\formattheo}
|
||||
% write
|
||||
\delimtitle{\bf #1 \formattheo}
|
||||
}
|
||||
\let\endtheo\enddelim
|
||||
|
||||
%% start appendices
|
||||
\def\appendix{%
|
||||
\vfill
|
||||
\pagebreak
|
||||
% counter
|
||||
\setcounter{sectioncount}0%
|
||||
% prefix
|
||||
\def\sectionprefix{A}%
|
||||
% write
|
||||
{\bf \LARGE Appendices}\par\penalty10000\bigskip\penalty10000%
|
||||
% add a mention in the table of contents
|
||||
\iftoc%
|
||||
\write\tocoutput{\noexpand\tocappendices}\penalty10000%
|
||||
\fi%
|
||||
%% uncomment for new page for each appendix
|
||||
%\def\seqskip{\vfill\pagebreak}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
%% start references
|
||||
\def\references{%
|
||||
% write
|
||||
{\bf \LARGE References}\par\penalty10000\bigskip\penalty10000%
|
||||
% add a mention in the table of contents
|
||||
\iftoc%
|
||||
\write\tocoutput{\noexpand\tocreferences{\the\count0}}\penalty10000%
|
||||
\fi%
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
%% table of contents
|
||||
\newif\iftocopen
|
||||
\def\tableofcontents{
|
||||
{\bf \large Table of contents:}\par\penalty10000\bigskip\penalty10000%
|
||||
% copy content from file
|
||||
\IfFileExists{\jobname.toc}{\input{\jobname.toc}}{{\tt error: table of contents missing}}
|
||||
% open new toc
|
||||
\newwrite\tocoutput
|
||||
\immediate\openout\tocoutput=\jobname.toc
|
||||
\toctrue
|
||||
}
|
||||
%% close file
|
||||
\AtEndDocument{
|
||||
% close toc
|
||||
\iftoc
|
||||
\immediate\closeout\tocoutput
|
||||
\fi
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
%% fill line with dots
|
||||
\def\leaderfill{\leaders\hbox to 1em {\hss. \hss}\hfill}
|
||||
|
||||
%% same as sectionprefix
|
||||
\def\tocsectionprefix{}
|
||||
|
||||
%% toc formats
|
||||
\def\tocsection #1#2{
|
||||
\stepcounter{tocsectioncount}
|
||||
\setcounter{tocsubsectioncount}{0}
|
||||
% write
|
||||
\smallskip\hyperlink{page.#2}{{\bf \tocsectionprefix\thetocsectioncount}.\hskip5pt #1\leaderfill#2}\par
|
||||
}
|
||||
\def\tocsubsection #1#2{
|
||||
\stepcounter{tocsubsectioncount}
|
||||
% write
|
||||
{\hskip10pt\hyperlink{page.#2}{{\bf \thetocsubsectioncount}.\hskip5pt {\small #1}\leaderfill#2}}\par
|
||||
}
|
||||
\def\tocappendices{
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
\setcounter{tocsectioncount}0
|
||||
{\bf Appendices}\par
|
||||
\smallskip
|
||||
\def\tocsectionprefix{A}
|
||||
}
|
||||
\def\tocreferences#1{
|
||||
\medskip
|
||||
{\hyperlink{page.#1}{{\bf References}\leaderfill#1}}\par
|
||||
\smallskip
|
||||
}
|
||||
22
kiss.cls
Normal file
22
kiss.cls
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
%%
|
||||
%% Barebones class declaration
|
||||
%%
|
||||
|
||||
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01]
|
||||
\ProvidesClass{kiss}
|
||||
|
||||
\setlength\paperheight {297mm}
|
||||
\setlength\paperwidth {210mm}
|
||||
|
||||
%% fonts
|
||||
\input{size11.clo}
|
||||
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\normalfont\rmfamily}{\mathrm}
|
||||
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf}
|
||||
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt}
|
||||
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf}
|
||||
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit}
|
||||
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\slshape}{\@nomath\sl}
|
||||
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc}
|
||||
|
||||
%% something is wrong with \thepage, redefine it
|
||||
\gdef\thepage{\the\c@page}
|
||||
36
toolbox.sty
Normal file
36
toolbox.sty
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
%%
|
||||
%% A collection of useful commands
|
||||
%%
|
||||
|
||||
%% can call commands even when they are not defined
|
||||
\def\safe#1{%
|
||||
\ifdefined#1%
|
||||
#1%
|
||||
\else%
|
||||
{\color{red}\bf?}%
|
||||
\fi%
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
%% add infinitely extendable glue before large blocks (e.g. figures)
|
||||
\def\preblock{
|
||||
\vfil
|
||||
\hbox{}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
%% listparpenalty prevents page breaks before lists
|
||||
\newcount\prevparpenalty
|
||||
\def\listparpenalty{
|
||||
\prevparpenalty=\@beginparpenalty
|
||||
\@beginparpenalty=10000
|
||||
}
|
||||
%% back to previous value
|
||||
\def\unlistparpenalty{
|
||||
\@beginparpenalty=\prevparpenalty
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
%% array spanning the entire line
|
||||
\def\largearray{\begin{array}{@{}>{\displaystyle}l@{}}\hphantom{\hspace{\textwidth}}\\[-.5cm]}
|
||||
\def\endlargearray{\end{array}}
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user